Les réserves royales de chasse dans les Alpes Occidentales : retombées économiques, infrastructures, protection de la faune.

International audienceThe military, political, administrative, social, cultural and religious activities, but also the management of natural resources, especially hunting, on both sides of the Western Alps were strongly influenced by the millenary presence of the house of Savoy. One may first consider the royal patents issued in 1821 for the protection of the Alpine ibex. In the early 1860s, King Vittorio Emanuele II created Alpine Game Reserves around the Gran Paradiso massif and in the Maritime Alps. The image of the Roi Chasseur attained epic dimensions and the presence of the Italian sovereigns in the said valleys had a great socio-economic impact. Hundreds of miles of trails mayors and parish priests, a secure salary for gamekeepers and beaters, and alms tot the poor suddenly changed people's lives, and the landscape of their valleys. The royal hunts ended in 1913 in the Valle d'Aosta and in 1946 in the Maritime Alps, leaving a pristine environment, an extraordinary landscape, and especially the ibex! + PICTURESGrâce à son histoire millénaire, la Maison de Savoie a interagi de façon continue et significative avec les régions alpines occidentales non seulement du point de vue militaire, politique, administratif, social, culturel et religieux, mais aussi en ce qui concerne la nature et le paysage dans tous leurs aspects multiformes. Tout d'abord il faut considérer l'action des rois d'Italie pour la protection du bouquetin suite aux royales patentes promulguées en 1821. Au début des années soixante du XIXe siècle, le roi Victor-Emmanuel II créa les réserves de chasse de montagne autour du massif du Grand-Paradis et dans les Alpes Maritimes. Le Roi chasseur fut à l'origine d'une épopée extraordinaire et la présence des souverains italiens dans les vallées indiquées amena une retombée socio-économique exceptionnelle. Kilomètres de sentiers et de routes, nombreuses petites maisons de chasse, grandes quantités d'argent délivrées aux maires et aux curés, un salaire sûr pour les garde-chasses et les batteurs, l'aumône aux pauvres et les pourboires, changèrent tout d'un coup la vie des habitants et le paysage de leurs vallées. Les chasses royales se terminèrent en 1913 pour la Vallée d'Aoste et en 1946 pour les Alpes Maritimes en nous laissant un environnement presque vierge, un paysage extraordinaire et, surtout, le bouquetin! + ILLUSTRATION

Scythris limbella Fabricius 1775

<i>Scythris limbella</i> (Fabricius, 1775) <p> <b>Material examined.</b> 1 3 S Iran, Fars, Kaserun, Mian-Kotal 1900 m, 1.vi.1972, Ebert & Falkner leg. [genital slide 9460 PdE].</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Over most of Europe to central Asia. The species was also introduced in northeastern North America.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Mian-Kotal is located in southwestern Iran, in a mountainous area along the old Shiraz- Kazerun Road.</p>Published as part of <i>D'Entrèves, Pietro Passerin & Roggero, Angela, 2009, Eastern Palaearctic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): description of a new genus and some new species, pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 2263</i> on page 18, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190774">10.5281/zenodo.190774</a&gt

Bactrianoscythris afghana D'Entrèves & Roggero, 2009, sp. nov.

<i>Bactrianoscythris afghana</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 5 A, 5B, 6B, 6D, 7B)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 3 (SMNK), “O[st]- Afghanistan, Salang-Pass, N-Seite, Khinjan, 2100 m 5– 11.vii.1966, H. G. Amsel leg.” [genital slide 1260 PdE]. Paratypes: 13 3 (SMNK and PdE), same locality as holotype [genital slides 9427, 9429, 9430, 9431, 9432, 9437, 9438, 9440, 9441, 9442, 9443, 9445, 9448 PdE]; 3 ƤƤ (SMNK and PdE), same locality as holotype [genital slide 9439, 9446, 9447 PdE].</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. The narrow and arched valvae and the bifid S8 with two projections subapically can be used to distinguish the species from the others (Table 2). The female can be identified on the basis of the shape of the lamella antevaginal which is subrectangular and smaller than in <i>B. annae</i> (Fig. 7).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Wingspan 18 mm. Forewing pale brown, with broad, longitudinal, very pale brown line in the middle; fringe pale brown. Hindwing whitish pale brown, glossy, apices and hind margin pale brown; fringe very pale brown. Head, thorax and abdomen pale brown. Legs light brown. Antenna dark brown.</p> <p>Male genitalia. Uncus small, cordiform; gnathos asymmetrical, proximal parts laminar, distal part downturned, pointed. Tegumen triangular, pedunculi short. Valvae asymmetrical, proximal part polygonal, with a projection carrying a tuft of short, tawny setae; distal three-fourth rectilinear, narrow, inwardly curved, apices rounded; distal third of left valva with rounded lamina on inner margin. Vinculum as long as tegumen, distal margin rounded. Phallus longer than valvae, downcurved, bisinuate in distal third, apex sharp. Juxta shield-shaped, short and narrow. S8 elongate, narrowed in distal third, with bifid, blunt apices and two perpendicular projections near apex; deep and narrow triangular notch on proximal margin; T8 unmodified, subrectangular, membranous.</p> <p>Female genitalia. Apophyses anteriores triangular, connected by V-shaped sclerotized ridge. Lamella antevaginalis a subrectangular plate, thickened on sides, with a membranous, triangular, narrow area in middle. Lamella postvaginalis oval, with transverse, thick, bilobed structure. Ductum bursae wrinkled, with distal portion sclerotized. Segments VI and VII with sclerotized ring.</p> <p> <b>Variation.</b> Male and female have a similar external appareance, but the female is slightly darker.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species was named after Afghanistan, where it was collected in 1966.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> For information about Salang Pass and Khinjan, see <i>B. khinjani</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> above. The species is relatively common, since 17 individuals were collected from the same locality.</p>Published as part of <i>D'Entrèves, Pietro Passerin & Roggero, Angela, 2009, Eastern Palaearctic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): description of a new genus and some new species, pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 2263</i> on pages 8-12, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190774">10.5281/zenodo.190774</a&gt

Scythris farsi D'Entrèves & Roggero, 2009, sp. nov.

<i>Scythris farsi</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 11 A, 11B, 11C, 11D)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 3 (NHRM), “ Iran, Fars, 1937, Strasse Kazeroun-Bouchir Tchouroum 1000 m, leg. Brandt” [genital slide 9424 PdE]. Paratype: 1 3 (NHRM), “ Iran, Fars, Strasse Ardekan, Talochoaroe, Com, 2600 m, 1937, leg. Brandt [genital slide 9423 PdE].</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. The species has male genitalia well differentiated from any other known scythridid species, and is easily identified on the basis of the characteristic shape of the subrectangular uncus with a notch at distal margin and the rectilinear valvae with apices abruptly inwardly turned. Also the external features of the species, with the ovalar dots on forewings, are different from features of the other species on the Iranoturanian region.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Wingspan 22 mm. Forewing pale brown, carrying on proximal three-fifths a cream-coloured line, and two cream-coloured oval spots, one at four-fifth and one at apex; fringe brown. Hindwing glossy brown, fringe brown. Head, thorax and abdomen brown. Legs pale brown. Antenna brown.</p> <p>Male genitalia. Uncus well-developed, bifid, with deep incision and two rounded projections at distal third, base with two arms apically downturned and joined to middle of proximal arms of gnathos. Gnathos proximal arms semi-crescentic, distal arm narrow, sinuate, downturned, sharp at apex. Tegumen globular, as long as wide. Valvae symmetrical, rectilinear, narrow, with inwardly turned rounded apices. Vinculum almost as long as valvae, with margin rounded. Phallus downcurved and small, one third length of valvae, apex sharp; juxta half as long as phallus. S8 elongate, narrow, hind margin bifid, fore margin with deep oval notch; T8 elongate, as long as S8, narrower in distal third, apex with broad and short notch, proximal margin with deep triangular notch.</p> <p> <b>Variation.</b> The white line and spots on the forewing are very pale brown in some specimens.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The species is named after the region of Fars (Iran), where the species was collected in 1937.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. The species does not belong to any known species-group.</p> <p> <b>Note about the type localities.</b> The type localities as indicated on the labels are somewhat imprecise. Kazeroun [= Kazerun] is situated in the Fars Province in southwestern Iran, on a plain among high limestone ridges. It is situated 250 km from Bouchir [= Bushehr], which is the administrative centre of the Bushehr Province in southern Iran, bordering the Persian Gulf. Tchouroum [= Tchouran = Cherum], formerly in Fars province, is now in Kohkilouyeh Boyerahmad Province. Ardekan [= Ardakan] is the second major city of Yazd Province, and it is known also as Sepidan. “Talochoaroe is a misprint on label. The correct name for the site is Tal-e-Khosro, which is a historical mound in Kohkilouyet Boyerahmad Province. Com [= Kommeh] is now Komehr in the Fars Province.</p>Published as part of <i>D'Entrèves, Pietro Passerin & Roggero, Angela, 2009, Eastern Palaearctic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): description of a new genus and some new species, pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 2263</i> on page 15, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190774">10.5281/zenodo.190774</a&gt

Bactrianoscythris pamirica Passerin d'Entreves & Roggero 2008, comb. nov.

<i>Bactrianoscythris pamirica</i> (Passerin d’Entrèves & Roggero, 2008) comb. nov. <p> <i>Scythris pamirica</i> Passerin d’Entrèves & Roggero 2008: 161</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 3 (MNHB), “NO[st] Afghanistan, Khinch-e-Andarab, westl. Pamir, 3550–4000 m, 17–27/7/1957, G. Ebert leg. [genital slide 288 ZMB].</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> The species is known only from the type locality. See Passerin d’Entrèves and Roggero (2008) for further details.</p>Published as part of <i>D'Entrèves, Pietro Passerin & Roggero, Angela, 2009, Eastern Palaearctic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): description of a new genus and some new species, pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 2263</i> on page 5, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190774">10.5281/zenodo.190774</a&gt

Scythris monochreella Ragonot 1896

<i>Scythris monochreella</i> (Ragonot, 1896) <p> <b>Material examined.</b> 12 3 and 5 ƤƤ N.- Afghanistan, Polichomri, 700 m, 5.vi.1956, H. G. Amsel leg. [genital slides 866, 9461 and 9464 PdE]; 1 3 O [st] Afghanistan, Balkh, 400 m, 24.v.1956, H. G. Amsel leg. [genital slide 9452 PdE]; 1 Ƥ Palestine, Jericho, Lichtfang [= collected by light], 26.viii.1930, H. Amsel; 1 3 Iraq, Baghdad, 1000 ft., 11.viii.56, E. P. Wiltshire; 1 3 Iraq, Baghdad, 1000 ft., 13.v.56, E. P. Wiltshire; 2 3 Iran, Fars, Umgeb v. Chiraz 1600 m, 1937, leg. Brandt, Riksmuseum Stockholm.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Iran, and India. <b>Remarks.</b> New to Afghanistan.</p>Published as part of <i>D'Entrèves, Pietro Passerin & Roggero, Angela, 2009, Eastern Palaearctic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): description of a new genus and some new species, pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 2263</i> on page 18, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190774">10.5281/zenodo.190774</a&gt

Bactrianoscythris satyrella Staudinger 1880, comb. nov.

<i>Bactrianoscythris satyrella</i> (Staudinger, 1880) comb. nov. <p>(Figs 2 A, 2B, 2C, 2D)</p> <p> <i>Butalis satyrella</i> Staudinger, 1880: 404 <i>Butalis matronella</i> Staudinger, 1880: 405 <i>Butalis vitilella</i> Christoph, 1885: 163</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 3 (MNHB), 161, Schahrud, Origin, satyrella Stgr Genit-Luters no. 206, Zool Mus Berlin. Paratypes 1 Ƥ (MNHB), “Hadschgabad, Coll. Led., Origin, matronella Stgr ”[genital slide 1366 PdE]; 1 Ƥ (ZISP), “Nuchur, 21.vi, vitillella.</p> <p> <b>Additional material examined.</b> 1 Ƥ (SMNK) " Turkmenistan, Iol-Dere, 15 km NO Kara-Kala, 12.vi.1953, leg. V. Kuznetzov" [genital slide 464 PdE]; 1 3 (SMNK) “ Turkmenistan, Iol-Dere, 15 km NO Kara-Kala, 12.vi.1953, leg. V. Kuznetzov [genital slide 373 PdE].</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. This species is characterized by both external appareance and genitalia shape well differentiated from the other species (Table 2). It is larger than <i>B. drepanella</i>, and darker than all the other <i>Bactrianoscythris</i> species. The valvae have apices enlarged and triangular, and S8 is bifid with apices short and rounded. These characters can be employed to unequivocally identify the species.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Wingspan 17-19 mm. For the detailed description of external features, see Bengtsson (1997: 62)</p> <p>Male genitalia. Uncus small, quadrangular, inward concave, truncated at apex; gnathos proximal part asymmetrical, distal part triangular, sharpened at apex. Tegumen triangular, slender. Valvae slightly asymmetrical in distal part, inwardly curved, narrow. Vinculum elongate, blade-like, half as long as valvae. Juxta conical, pointed apex upward turned. Phallus longer than valvae, bisinuate, narrowed to apex, which is downwardly turned. Bifid S8 narrowed in middle, with apices short and rounded. T8 unmodified, membranous.</p> <p> <b>Variation.</b> Size and external appareance are similar in both sexes.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> As previously pointed (Passerin d’Entrèves & Roggero 2008), Bengtsson (1997) mistook the gnathos for the uncus. After a careful examination of the male genitalia of all new species, we redescribed the male genitalia of <i>satyrella</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>D'Entrèves, Pietro Passerin & Roggero, Angela, 2009, Eastern Palaearctic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): description of a new genus and some new species, pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 2263</i> on page 4, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190774">10.5281/zenodo.190774</a&gt

Scythris inspersella

<i>Scythris inspersella</i> (Hübner, [1817]) <p> <b>Material examined.</b> 1 3 Iran, Elbursgebirge, Keredj, [4.5] 1936, leg. Brandt, Riksmuseum Stockholm [genital slide 9458 PdE].</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Largely distributed in Europe and perhaps Algeria to the south, extending to eastern Asia. Scattered in North America.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> New to Iran. Keredj (now Karaj) is located in the foothills of the Alburz Range, in northern Iran, near the Caspian Sea.</p>Published as part of <i>D'Entrèves, Pietro Passerin & Roggero, Angela, 2009, Eastern Palaearctic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): description of a new genus and some new species, pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 2263</i> on page 18, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190774">10.5281/zenodo.190774</a&gt

Bactrianoscythris D'Entrèves & Roggero, 2009, gen. nov.

<i>Bactrianoscythris</i> gen. nov. <p> Type species: <i>Butalis satyrella</i> Staudinger, 1880</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Medium to large size (16-20 mm); in the three species for which both the sexes are known (<i>B. satyrella</i> Staudinger, <i>B. annae</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and <i>B. afghana</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>), male and female are of similar size. Species are characterized by cryptic external coloration. Head, thorax, abdomen and legs pale brown. Forewing brown or pale brown, with a lighter, longitudinal and irregular line. Hindwing very pale brown or whitish brown, glossy and translucent. Females darker than males.</p> <p> Male genitalia. Uncus short (except in <i>B. ginevrae</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>), and gnathos asymmetrical, with the joining arms fused and leaf-like shaped; tegumen triangular; phallus very long, bisinuate; valvae symmetrical or only slightly asymmetrical, inwardly curved, slender (except in <i>B. ginevrae</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and <i>B. pamirica</i> Passerin & Roggero); vinculum long and narrow; S8 well-developed, thick, elongate, more or less narrowed in middle, always bifid at apex; T8 rectangular and membranous.</p> <p>Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis oval, differently proportioned in each species, lamella postvaginalis with transverse thickening distally. Ductus bursae wrinckled, sometimes sclerotized. Segment VII and VI with a sclerotized, incomplete ring.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> External features can be used to recognize membership in the new genus, since all the species are characterized by large wingspan, forewings surface usually grayish brown of pale brown, with a longitudinal, irregular and thick line, more or less evident and variously colored, that is very reduced only in <i>B. annae</i>. Intraspecific variation of external features seems negligible, although females are slightly darker than males. Although members of <i>Bactrianoscythris</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> are easily identified on the basis of the external features and some genitalic characters (as the asymmetrical and leaf-like gnathos, the S8 very sclerotized and well-developed, the phallus often bisinuate and longer than valvae), specific identification requires a careful examination of genitalia, characterized by very distinct features in both sexes of all the species. The species can be separated among themselves on the basis of the peculiar genitalic shape, and the most reliable characters are in the male valvae (Table 2).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The genus is named after the ancient Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250–125 BCE), which covered northern Afghanistan and part of central Asia; today bactrian is used to indicate the whole of northern Afghanistan. <i>Bactrianoscythris satyrella</i> was the first species collected by Staudinger (1880) and Christoph (1885), so it is selected as the type species. <i>Bactrianoscythris</i> shows an endemic distribution in the region from the Caspian Sea to northeastern Afghanistan (Hindu Kush and Pamir Range), extending southward only in the Palaearctic portion of Afghanistan.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Bactrianoscythris,</i> as defined above, includes two species previously described as <i>Scythris</i> (<i>satyrella</i> and <i>pamirica</i>) and five new species, all reported from eastern Palaearctic Region, and characterized by an Irano-turanian distribution.</p> <p> The type material of <i>B. satyrella</i> Staudinger is from Iran and Turkmenistan (Passerin d’Entrèves & Roggero 2007a), but the species was reported also from Turkey and Sarepta, Russia (Bengtsson 1997); at present, we restrict the distribution of this species to central Asia until the identification of other specimens is verified. All the other species of <i>Bactrianoscythris</i> were collected in northeastern Afghanistan, in the socalled Turkestanian Province (Takhtajan 1986), that is close to the Armeno-iranian Province in the West and to the Central-asiatic and Northwestern Himalayan Provinces in the East. The Turkestanian Province includes the greater part of mountains of the Irano-turanian Region, and is characterized by desert (ephemeral) vegetation on foothills and low mountains, and by deciduous shrubs on mountain slopes. Steppes cover large areas of the mountains also while high mountain vegetation consists of meadows, steppe and cushionlike subshrubs (Takhtajan 1986).</p>Published as part of <i>D'Entrèves, Pietro Passerin & Roggero, Angela, 2009, Eastern Palaearctic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): description of a new genus and some new species, pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 2263</i> on page 3, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190774">10.5281/zenodo.190774</a&gt

Catascythris kebirella Amsel 1935

<i>Catascythris kebirella</i> Amsel, 1935 <p> <b>Material examined.</b> 2 3 S. O. Iran, (Dijroft) Anbar-Abad, 1–18.v.1956, W. Richter [genital slide 834 PdE]; 1 3 S Iran, Minab [Hormozgân Province], 13.iii.1971 Par Ayat.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Northern Africa, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Iran, Namibia and India.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Jiroft [= Sabzvaran] is a very important historical site, at the foothills of the mountains, near the town of Anbarabad (now in the Kerman Province, southern Iran). Minab is a town near Bandar Abbas (capital of the Hormozagan Province, 500 km from Kerman).</p>Published as part of <i>D'Entrèves, Pietro Passerin & Roggero, Angela, 2009, Eastern Palaearctic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): description of a new genus and some new species, pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 2263</i> on page 16, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190774">10.5281/zenodo.190774</a&gt