Accurate water demand spatial allocation for water networks modelling using a new approach

The paper presents an alternative approach regarding the spatial allocation of the actual water demand (at node level) when developing a pipe network's hydraulic simulation model. The process takes into account the respective demand patterns of the various types of water users, considering the water being lost through leaks/breaks occurring, as a competitive use. This new method accurately approximates the demand allocation of a network when there is no GIS data, thus having a significant impact on its cost effectiveness. Kos Town (Greece) water pipe network is used as the case study to demonstrate the entire process and the problems encountered. Finally, to prove its effectiveness the results of the new method were compared to MW-Voronoi diagram method's results and to field measurements

Using Spatial Autocorrelation Techniques and Multi-temporal Satellite Data for Analyzing Urban Sprawl

Satellite time series offer great potential for a quantitative assessment of urban expansion, urban sprawl and for monitoring of land use changes and soil consumption. This study deals with the spatial characterization of expansion of urban areas by using spatial autocorrelation techniques applied to multi-date Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images. The investigation focused on several very small towns close to Bari. Urban areas were extracted from NASA Landsat images acquired in 1976, 1999 and 2009, respectively. To cope with the fact that small changes have to be captured and extracted from TM multi-temporal data sets, we adopted the use of spectral indices to emphasize occurring changes, and spatial autocorrelation techniques to reveal spatial patterns. Urban areas were analyzed using both global and local autocorrelation indexes. This approach enables the characterization of pattern features of urban area expansion and it improves land use change estimation. The obtained results showed a significant urban expansion coupled with an increase of irregularity degree of border modifications from 1976 to 2009