Insecticide with the active ingredient methomyl interferes with the growth and survival of the jatiumbulan tilapia strain (Oreochromis niloticus)

Insecticides with the active ingredient methomyl are a class of pesticides used to protect agricultural crops from attack by pests such as insects. The areas that used this insecticide were from the results of previous studies, namely the Musi Rawas Paddy Field Center in South Sumatra and Ngantru District, Tulungagung Regency. However, it is possible that many other areas use it. This study aims to prove that the insecticide with the active ingredient metomyl interferes with the growth and survival of the Jatiumbulan tilapia strain (O. niloticus). The treatment consisted of a control and three exposure concentrations namely 1.8, 4.015 and 6.2 mg/L with 3 repetitions each. Exposure was carried out artificially once in rearing water and observations were made for 4 days (96 hours). In conclusion, the results showed that as the exposure concentration of the insecticide with the active ingredient metomil (Lannate with 25 % methomyl) increased, the stress occurred faster which resulted in decreased growth, survival, time of death, and clinical symptoms. However, the concentration of 6.2 mg/L (treatment C) gave significantly different results in survival parameters compared to the 1.8 and 4.015 mg/L treatment. This is because in treatment C there was stress to death and this condition did not occur in treatment A and BInsecticides with the active ingredient methomyl are a class of pesticides used to protect agricultural crops from attack by pests such as insects. The areas that used this insecticide were from the results of previous studies, namely the Musi Rawas Paddy Field Center in South Sumatra and Ngantru District, Tulungagung Regency. However, it is possible that many other areas use it. This study aims to prove that the insecticide with the active ingredient metomyl interferes with the growth and survival of the Jatiumbulan tilapia strain (O. niloticus). The treatment consisted of a control and three exposure concentrations namely 1.8, 4.015 and 6.2 mg/L with 3 repetitions each. Exposure was carried out artificially once in rearing water and observations were made for 4 days (96 hours). In conclusion, the results showed that as the exposure concentration of the insecticide with the active ingredient metomil (Lannate with 25 % methomyl) increased, the stress occurred faster which resulted in decreased growth, survival, time of death, and clinical symptoms. However, the concentration of 6.2 mg/L (treatment C) gave significantly different results in survival parameters compared to the 1.8 and 4.015 mg/L treatment. This is because in treatment C there was stress to death and this condition did not occur in treatment A and B

Emission of Circularly Polarized Terahertz Wave from Inhomogeneous Intrinsic Josephson Junctions

We have theoretically demonstrated the emission of circularly-polarized terahertz (THz) waves from intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) which is locally heated by an external heat source such as the laser irradiation. We focus on a mesa-structured IJJ whose geometry is slightly deviate from a square and find that the local heating make it possible to emit circularly-polarized THz waves. In this mesa, the inhomogeneity of critical current density induced by the local heating excites the electromagnetic cavity modes TM (1,0) and TM (0,1), whose polarizations are orthogonal to each other. The mixture of these modes results in the generation of circularly-polarized THz waves. We also show that the circular polarization dramatically changes with the applied voltage. The emitter based on IJJs can emit circularly-polarized and continuum THz waves by the local heating, and will be useful for various technological application.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

THE EVOLUTION OF TIV TRADITIONAL MEDICINE: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

African Medicine is a body of knowledge that is concerned with the use of natural resources to prevent or treat diseases, restore life and prevent death. Because of the current neglect, criticism and need to promote Tiv medicine, this study explores Tiv medicine in the present era of cultural renaissance. It investigates the development of Tiv medicine. It also examines the practice of Tiv medicine in the Pre- colonial era; when Tiv medicine enjoyed monopoly and was more of ingenious efforts with only little external influence, Colonial period; which witnessed criticisms from missionaries, colonial government and elites, Post- colonial period; which witnessed efforts by the people to again develop their medical practice to serve them better, and in Contemporary times; which is characterized by influence from orthodox medicine. It examined the changes introduced in Tiv medicine due to influence from other ethnic groups in Nigeria such as the Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, Jukun, Udam and Abakwa. The work examines the medicinal plants and the various illnesses and diseases they heal or cure. This work therefore provides a balanced argument that Tiv medicine like the Orthodox medicine is endowed by God and caters for the diminutive agents of human existence. In the methodology, the study explores Tiv traditional medicine from the phenomenological perspectives. In the qualitative approach, the study employs the traditional practitioners and the general public as two distinctive methods of data collection and review, photographs regarding the practice and modern healing methods of Tiv medicine are provided. In this perspective, the work provides taxonomy of disease and medicinal plants for therapeutic modalities with specific interest in categories of medicines and healing prescriptions. In its evaluation, traditional medicine and ritual healing are viewed as inseparable in the course of `holistic' health care. The focus of Tiv Medicine is anchored on akombo, adzov, and herbal recipes. Tiv medicine has acquired modernity in the areas of medicine production, preservation, distribution, and in treatment of patients. Since the understanding of Tiv worldview to a large extent still determines their practice of traditional medicine, the study highlights their religious, social, and political concepts which develop nurture and sustain their practice of medicine and healing. The absence of these factors affects holistic health care delivery. On this basis, it is recommended that we should promote the practice of Tiv medicine and hence, reposition traditional health systems toward `wholistic' health care delivery in Nigeria. Although, some of the practices may be considered meaningless to people even in the Tiv culture; some may play integral and useful role in the traditional and modern medical systems. Since this study is seminal in nature, it will not only provide the possibility of exploring and extracting medicinal active constituents of the Tiv medicinal herbs, but, also provide the basis for possible integration into contemporary health system. It will also bridge the existing gap between the Tiv traditional medicinal system and other people who have developed their medicines to the global challenges