Escaping the exchange of information: Tax evasion via citizenship-by-investment

With automatic exchange of tax information among countries now common, tax evaders have had to find new ways to hide their offshore holdings. One such way is citizenship-by-investment, which offers foreigners a new passport for a local investment or a fixed fee. We show analytically that high-income individuals acquire a new citizenship to lower the probability that their tax evasion is detected through information exchange. Using data on cross-border bank deposits, we find that deposits in tax havens increase after a country starts offering a citizenship-by-investment program, providing indirect evidence that tax evaders use these programs

KONCEPCJA ELEKTRONICZNEJ JEDNOSTKI STERUJĄCEJ SILNIKA SPALINOWEGO W ZESPOLE HYBRYDOWYM

The article presents the concept of a hybrid propulsion unit for ultralight aircraft. A combustion unit and an electric motor/generator were presented. As part of the research, a dedicated combustion engine controller and a two-way converter for energy conversion were built. The prototype drive unit was installed on a test stand and its initial characteristics were determined. The results of research and conclusions related to the construction of a hybrid drive unit are presented.W artukule przedstawiona została koncepcja hybrydowej jednostki napędowej dla ultralekkich statków powietrznych. Przedstawione zostały jednostka spalinowa a także silnik/generator elektryczny. W ramach badań zbudowany został dedykowany sterownik silnika spalinowego i dwukierunkowa przetwornica do konwersji energii. Prototypowy zespół napędowy zabudowano na stanowisku badawczym i wyznaczono jego wstępne charakterystyki. Przedstawiono wyniki badań i wnioski związane z budową hybrydowej jednostki napędowej

Structure and selected properties of high-aluminium Zn alloy with silicon addition

The results of examinations concerning the abrasive wear resistance, hardness, and thermal expansion of high-aluminium zinc alloys are presented. The examinations were carried out for five synthetic ZnAl28 alloys with variable silicon content ranging from 0.5% to 3.5%, and – for the purpose of comparison – for the standardised ZnAl28Cu4 alloy. It was found that silicon efficiently increases the tribological properties and decreases the coefficient of thermal expansion of zinc alloys. The most advantageous set of the examined properties is exhibited by the alloys containing over 2.5% Si. They are characterised by higher parameters as compared with the standardised alloy. Observations of microstructures reveal that silicon precipitates as a separate compact phase, and its morphology depends on t he Si content in the alloy. The performed examinations show that silicon can satisfactorily replace copper in high aluminium Zn alloys, thus eliminating the problem of dimensional instability of castings

The Influence of Benzoyl Peroxide on Gelation Rate of Silica Binder for Precision Casting

Substituting of ethyl silicate with ecologic sols of colloidal silica in the investment casting technology, resulting from the increased demands concerning environmental protection, caused the prolongation of production cycle for precision castings produced in multi-layer thin-walled ceramic shell moulds. Modification of Sizol 030 binder with benzoyl peroxide, proposed in the paper, was aimed at restriction of time needed for realization of a single layer of the shell mould, and by the same, of such a mould as a whole. Examination of kinetics of the drying process were held for the layers made of prepared moulding material and the influence of binder modification on the mould curing time was determined