Standardized parameter estimates (±2 SE) of abiotic and biotic variables and size on tree survival for three shade-tolerant guilds in the Changbai temperate forest.

<p>Filled circles indicate significant effects (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

Standardized parameter estimates (±2 SE) of abiotic and biotic variables and size on tree survival for all species in the Changbai temperate forest.

<p>Filled circles indicate significant effects (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

Standardized parameter estimates (±2 SE) of abiotic and biotic variables and size on tree survival for three abundance classes in the Changbai temperate forest.

<p>Filled circles indicate significant effects (<i>P</i><0.05). Abund1, Abund2, Abund3 and Abund4 show abundance classes with <100, 100–1000, 1000–5000 and >5000 individuals, respectively.</p

Standardized parameter estimates (±2 SE) of abiotic and biotic variables and size on tree survival for three tree size classes in the Changbai temperate forest.

<p>Small trees, Medium trees and Large trees show tree size classes with 1–20 cm, 20–40 cm and >40 cm dbh, respectively. Filled circles indicate significant effects (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

AIC values of the generalized linear mixed models of tree survival at the community and guild level.

<p>AIC values of the most likely models are shown in bold. Size, Abiotic, Biotic and All factors represent models with only tree size, tree size and abiotic factors, tree size and biotic factors, and all factors included, respectively. Very rare, rare, common, very common denote abundance classes with 1–100, 100–1000, 1000–5000 and >5000 individuals, respectively. Small, medium, and large tree size classes include individuals with 1–20 cm, 20–40 cm, and >40 cm dbh, respectively.</p

Predictive and discriminative measures ( and ) of the generalized linear mixed models of tree survival at the community and guild level.

<p>Predictive and discriminative measures ( and ) of the generalized linear mixed models of tree survival at the community and guild level.</p

Predictive and discriminative measures ( and ) of the generalized linear mixed models of tree survival at the species level.

<p>Predictive and discriminative measures ( and ) of the generalized linear mixed models of tree survival at the species level.</p

AIC values of the generalized linear mixed models of tree survival for 20 tree species with >100 individuals.

<p>AIC values of the most likely models are shown in bold. Size, Abiotic, Biotic and All factors correspond to models with only tree size, tree size and abiotic factors, tree size and biotic factors, and all factors included, respectively.</p

Effects of dbh, stem number in a shrub, neighborhood and soil variables on stem growth or survival of <i>C. mandshurica</i> and <i>A. barbinerve</i> in the old growth forest plot.

<p><i>Circles</i> show the coefficient estimate for each parameter, with 2S.E. indicated by <i>horizontal lines</i>. “Ba” represents basal area. Asterisks represent the probability that the estimates are not different from zero: *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001, ns not significant (<i>P</i>>0.05).</p

Parameters included in models.

<p>Parameters included in models.</p