Whole-Day Schools - Management and Education

Ganztagsschulen haben durch ihr Mehr an Zeit einen größeren Spielraum, die Schulgestaltung an den Bedürfnissen der Beteiligten zu orientieren. In einer Auseinandersetzung mit anderen Perspektiven kann es gelingen, die Ausrichtung der eigenen Schule zu diskutieren, zu festigen und zu schärfen. Pädagogische Fortbildungsveranstaltungen bieten dazu eine Möglichkeit. Der zweite bayerische Ganztagsschulkongress Ganztagsschule gestalten – ganztags Unterricht organisieren am 3. und 4. März 2010 in Forchheim bot den Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern anhand vielfältiger Vorträge und Workshops ein Forum zur Diskussion mit Perspektiven aus Wissenschaft, Schulpraxis und Bildungspolitik. Die Dokumentation der Veranstaltung liegt hiermit vor.All-day schools stand out against other types of schools due to the extended availability of time and therewith a wider range of possibilities to adjust the orientation of the school to the needs of the persons involved. Schools can evolve and strengthen their orientation by a discursive examination and discussion of different approaches. A good opportunity for advancing this discussion are events in pedagogical further education. During the second Bavarian all-day school congress "Modelling All-Day School - Organizing All-Day Tuition", held on the 3rd and 4th of March 2010 in Forchheim/Germany, participants had the opportunity to attend numerous workshops and presentations as well as a panel discussion featuring experts from the fields of educational science, educational policy and teaching. The documentation of the congress is now available

Distribution of REM sleep in entrained 24 hour and free-running sleep-wake cycles

One hundred thirty sleep episodes of 6 subjects, living on a natural 24 hr day, were compared with 116 sleep times of the same subjects living isolated from external time cues. The polygraphic sleep recordings were analyzed for the distribution of REM sleep under both conditions. Additionally, the relationship between body temperature and REM sleep was analyzed by comparing sleep episodes in which the temperature minimum occurred early in the sleep episode with those in which there was a late temperature minimum. The results show that there is more REM sleep in the beginning of sleep in sleep episodes of free-running rhythms as compared to sleep episodes of entrained 24 hr rhythms. This higher amount of REM sleep is due to a longer first REM episode and shorter first NREM episodes. The comparison of the sleep episodes that differ in the position of the temperature minimum shows similar differences, i.e., more REM sleep in the beginning of sleep episodes in which the temperature minimum occurs earlier as compared to episodes in which the temperature minimum occurs later. It was hypothesized that the amount of REM sleep depends on the phase relationship between sleep and the circadian temperature cycle. From this point of view, the difference in the distribution of REM sleep in the entrained 24 hr rhythm, on the one hand, and the free-running rhythm, on the other hand, can be explained by the different courses of body temperature during sleep. That only the first REM episode is influenced by circadian parameters may indicate an exceptional role for this REM episode in contrast to the following episodes

Napping behavior during "spontaneous internal desynchronization": sleep remains in synchrony with body temperature

Patterns of sleep and wakefulness exhibited in an environment without time cues are generally considered to be monophasic, with a distinct relationship between sleep episodes and the minimum of body core temperature. In some cases this relationship between major sleep episodes and temperature becomes replaced by an apparently varying phase relationship between the two variables called "spontaneous internal desynchronization". In the present study the sleep-wake and temperature data of six subjects living in an environment without time cues and exhibiting internal desynchronization were reanalyzed to include subjectively designated naps. Two groups of naps were identified based on their phase positions relative to temperature, with one group occurring around the temperature minimum and another group clustering approximately halfway between successive minima. The results support the suggestion that neither monophasic sleep placement nor sleep patterns typically associated with spontaneous internal desynchronization reflect biological sleep tendency. Rather, sleep tendency is reflected more accurately by the bimodal sleep patterns exhibited by subjects who are allowed to time their sleep and waking with no restrictions