In Silico And In Vivo Analysis Of Otu Deubiquitinases Otub1, Otub2 And Otulin Protein-protein Interactions

In this post-genomic era, proteomic and interactomic data are important sources for understanding the molecular basis of cell functional diversity. Research in these fields is still progressing, with at least 90% of proteins annotated so far and many more interactions to be uncovered to complete the proteome and interactome maps. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the expansion of human interactome data by focusing on the deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) protein-protein interaction (PPI) using several in silico and in vivo approaches. First, a DUBs interactome was built on Cytoscape ver 3.9.1 using data from IMEx database and analysed using various graph theory algorithms. The DUBs interactome consisted of 3,406 nodes and 4,982 edges, whereas a cancer protein subnetwork extracted from the interactome revealed that DUBs are significant in cancer biology. Concluding the interactome study, OTUB1, one of the proteins with strong network characteristics, along with its closest homologue OTUB2, and the newest family member OTULIN, were selected for yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening against human cDNA library derived from HEK293. Y2H bait and cDNA library prey vectors were generated using Gateway technology, first in donor vector TOPO/pDONR222 before being shuffled into destination vector pDEST32/22. The bait vector is sequence-verified, and the prey vector is of sufficient quality and quantity to represent human cDNA with total clones of 6.8×106 cfu. Both vectors were transformed into MaV203 S. cerevisiae strain for Y2H screening to identify putative interacting protein

Assessment of pharmacists, public and general retailers perspectives, awareness and knowledge of registered drugs and unregistered drugs in Klang Valley / Nur Wahida Zulkifli

The aims of this study were to explore pharmacists' perception towards the contributing factors for the existence of unregistered drugs in the market, the reasons for the public to select the unregistered drugs, to determine the association between the awareness of general retailers and the offences as well as to develop and validate a knowledge tool towards registered drugs and to identify the association with the knowledge of the public and sociodemographics. This study used the action research concept. Three types of participants were involved; pharmacist, public and general retailers and the setting around Klang Valley area. Two different semi-guided and faceto- face interviewed and purposive selection criteria were used to explore the pharmacist (n=16) and public (n=21) perception. The retrospective data (n=1441) from inspection report in Selangor was used to determine the association of awareness and offences amongst general retailers. The instrument constructed by analysing the specific literature in the area of registered drugs information in Malaysia. Then the involvement of expert panel (n=10) expertise to validate the content and public (n=10) for the reproducibility. Then, followed by the pilot test (n=T00), and continued with a final survey (n=466) by using a convenient sample. The reproducibility obtained via the intraclass correlation coefficient by using the test-retest method. Internal consistency assessed using Cronbach's alpha and construct validity used exploratory factor analysis. The thematic content analysis for both of the perceptions identified pharmacists' perception (25 themes) and publics' perception (7 themes). The majority of the pharmacists believed that low health literacy is one of the primary reasons of the contributing factors for the existence of unregistered drugs. Moreover, the majority of the public believed that the reason they select the unregistered drugs is because of the familiarity of the products and appearance of the packaging. Instead, a majority of the public who did not select the unregistered drugs believed the absence of certain characteristics of the packaging and the authorised sticker. In total, only 32.9% of general retailers were aware of registered drugs and 67.1% general retailers were not aware of registered drugs. The result showed there was an insignificant association (p=0.226) between awareness and offences. The final version of the questionnaire had 12 questions which divided into five areas of information that needed for educating the consumer on registered drugs. This questionnaire had a clarity index of 8.78 ± 0.51. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.96, and Cronbach's alpha, 0.866. Factor analysis revealed five factors associated with the knowledge areas. The final survey conducted and the final scores compared with the socio-demographic participants showed that age, race, the level of education and occupation significantly associated with levels of knowledge except for gender (p=0.485). This study has found that by exploring and investigating pharmacist, public and general retailers regarding these issues give a convergent answer that the main contributor of the unregistered drugs is the low level of knowledge and awareness towards registered and unregistered drugs. Thus enhancement of consumers' knowledge is one of the leading solutions that government can improve in the future

DO CURRENT AWARENESS AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM TOWARDS UNREGISTERED DRUGS EFFECTIVE FOR PUBLIC? PHARMACISTS' PERCEPTIVE

Objective: Awareness and educational programme are one of the solutions to reduce unregistered drugs usage. In Malaysia, an agency called Pharmaceutical Services Division (PSD) and Pharmacy Enforcement Division (PED) are highly active in yielding many awareness programmes throughout the country as well as in its website. The goal of this research was to explore the pharmacist views or perceptions on the current awareness and educational programme on registered drugs.Methods: These findings emerged from one-on-one semi-structured interview guided with sixteen pharmacists in Klang Valley who have represented the voice from the pharmacists throughout Malaysia.Results: Six themes identified: ‘Consumer utility', ‘low health literacy', ‘social and education influenced', ‘equitable access to information', ‘promotion' and ‘persistent'. These themes emphasise the current awareness to improve and provide the programme to everyone in Malaysia to get the same information regardless they're staying. Pharmacists also expressed their concern about the current consumer who only cares about their benefit such as fast effect; cheap and easy to get by ignoring the bad impact if they consume the unregistered products. The pharmacists also believed that the health literacy, the social and educational level also influenced the purchase behaviour amongst consumer.Conclusion: The findings indicate that the management of unregistered drugs needs to involve every organisation. Future research could develop a particular measure and score on awareness and knowledge amongst public on this issue. This test can be used as the indicator to evaluate the outcome of the future knowledge programmed.Keywords: Unregistered drugs, Awareness and educational programme, Pharmacist, Public, Perspective