355 research outputs found
Influence of an adsorbing polymer in the aging dynamics of Laponite clay suspensions
Clay-polymer dispersions in aqueous solutions have attracted a great interest
in recent years due to their industrial applications and intriguing physical
properties. Aqueous solutions of bare Laponite particles are known to age
spontaneously from an ergodic state to a non ergodic state in a time varying
from hours to months depending on Laponite concentration. When a polymer
species like Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) is added to the solution, it weakly
adsorbs on clay particle surfaces modifying the effective interaction potential
between Laponite particles. A dynamic light scattering study, varying polymer
concentration at fixed polymer molecular weight (Mw=200.000 g/mol), has been
performed in order to understand the effect of polymer on the aging dynamics of
the system. The results obtained show that arresting phenomena between clay
particles are hindered if PEO is added and consequently the aging dynamics
slows down with increasing PEO concentration. This process is possibly due to
the progressive coverage of the clay surface by polymers that grow with
increasing PEO concentration and may lead to steric stabilization.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, manuscript accepted for publication on
Philosophical Magazin
Routes to gelation in a clay suspension
The gelation of water suspension of a synthetic clay (Laponite) has been
studied by dynamic light scattering in a wide range of clay weight
concentration (Cw = 0.003-0.031). At variance with previous determination,
indicating a stable liquid phase for Cw < Cw*=0.015-0.018, we find that the
gelation takes actually place in the whole examined Cw range. More importantly,
we find that Cw* marks the transition between two different routes to gelation.
We hypothesize that at low concentration Laponite suspension behaves as an
attractive colloid and that the slowing down of the dynamics is attained by the
formation of larger and larger clusters while at high concentration the basic
units of the gel could be the Debye Huckel spheres associated to single
Laponite plates.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
More on phase diagram of Laponite
The phase diagram of a charged colloidal system (Laponite) has been
investigated by dynamic light scattering in a previously unexplored range of
salt and clay concentrations. Specifically the clay weight and salt molar
concentrations have been varied in the ranges Cw=0.004- 0.025, Cs=(1x 10^-3- 5x
10^-3) M respectively. As in the case of free salt water samples (Cs= 1x 10^-4
M) an aging dynamics towards two different arrested phases is found in the
whole examined Cw and Cs range. Moreover a transition between these two
different regimes is found for each investigated salt concentration. It is
clear from these measurements that a revision of the phase diagram is necessary
and a new "transition" line between two different arrested states is drawn.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Langmui
Competing interactions in arrested states of colloidal clays
Using experiments, theory and simulations, we show that the arrested state
observed in a colloidal clay at intermediate concentrations is stabilized by
the screened Coulomb repulsion (Wigner glass). Dilution experiments allow us to
distinguish this high-concentration disconnected state, which melts upon
addition of water, from a low-concentration gel state, which does not melt.
Theoretical modelling and simulations reproduce the measured Small Angle X-Ray
Scattering static structure factors and confirm the long-range electrostatic
nature of the arrested structure. These findings are attributed to the
different timescales controlling the competing attractive and repulsive
interactions.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letter
Arrested state of clay-water suspensions: gel or glass?
The aging of a charged colloidal system has been studied by Small Angle
X-rays Scattering, in the exchanged momentum range Q=0.03 - 5 nm-1, and by
Dynamic Light Scattering, at different clay concentrations (Cw =0.6 % - 2.8 %).
The static structure factor, S(Q), has been determined as a function of both
aging time and concentration. This is the first direct experimental evidence of
the existence and evolution with aging time of two different arrested states in
a single system simply obtained only by changing its volume fraction: an
inhomogeneous state is reached at low concentrations, while a homogenous one is
found at high concentrations.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Newborns' preference for face-relevant stimuli: effects of contrast polarity
There is currently no agreement as to how specific or general are the mechanisms underlying newborns' face preferences. We address this issue by manipulating the contrast polarity of schematic and naturalistic face-related images and assessing the preferences of newborns. We find that for both schematic and naturalistic face images, the contrast polarity is important. Newborns did not show a preference for an upright face-related image unless it was composed of darker areas around the eyes and mouth. This result is consistent with either sensitivity to the shadowed areas of a face with overhead (natural) illumination and/or to the detection of eye contact
Green balance in urban areas as an indicator for policy support: a multi-level application
Green spaces are increasingly recognised as key elements in enhancing urban resilience as they provide several ecosystem services. Therefore, their implementation and monitoring in cities are crucial to meet sustainability targets. In this paper, we provide a methodology to compute an indicator that assesses changes in vegetation cover within Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI). Such an indicator is adopted as one of the indicators for reporting on the key area “nature and biodiversity” in the Green City Accord (GCA). In the first section, the key steps to derive the indicator are described and a script, which computes the trends in vegetation cover using Google Earth Engine (GEE), is provided. The second section describes the application of the indicator in a multi-scale, policy-orientated perspective. The analysis has been carried out in 696 European Functional Urban Areas (FUAs), considering changes in vegetation cover inside UGI between 1996 and 2018. Results were analysed for the EU and the United Kingdom. The Municipality of Padua (Italy) is used as a case study to illustrate the results at the local level. Over the last 22 years, a slight upward trend characterised the vegetation growth within UGI in European FUAs. Within core cities and densily built-upcommuting zones, the trend was stable; in non-densely built-up areas, an upward trend was recorded. Vegetation cover in UGI has been relatively stable in European cities. However, a negative balance between abrupt changes in greening and browning has been recorded, affecting most parts of European cities (75% of core cities and 77% of commuting zones in densely built-up areas). This still indicates ongoing land take with no compensation of green spaces that are lost to artificial areas. Focusing on the FUA of Padua, a downward trend was observed in 33.3% and 12.9% of UGI in densely built-up and not-densely built-up areas, respectively. Within the FUA of Padua, most municipalities are characterised by a negative balance between abrupt greening and browning, both in non-densely built-up and densely built-up areas. This approach complements traditional metrics, such as the extent of UGI or tree canopy cover, by providing a valuable measure of condition of urban ecosystems and an instrument to monitor the impact of land take
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