Biochemical studies of Piper betle L leaf extract on obese treated animal using 1H-NMR-based metabolomic approach of blood serum sample

Piper betle L. (PB) belongs to the Piperaceae family. The presence of a fairly large quantity of diastase in the betel leaf is deemed to play an important role in starch digestion and calls for the study of weight loss activities and metabolite profile from PB leaf extracts using metabolomics approach to be performed. PB dried leaves were extracted with 70% ethanol and the extracts were subjected to five groups of rats fed with high fat (HF) and standard diet (SD). They were then fed with the extracts in two doses and compared with a negative control group given water only according to the study protocol. The body weights and food intakes were monitored every week. At the end of the study, blood serum of the experimental animal was analysed to determine the biochemical and metabolite changes. PB treated group demonstrated inhibition of body weight gain without showing an effect on the food intake. In serum bioassay, the PB treated group (HF/PB (100mg/kg and 500mg/kg) showed an increased in glucose and cholesterol levels compared to the Standard Diet (SD/WTR) group, a decrease in LDL level and increase in HDL level when compared with High Fat Diet (HF/WTR) group. For metabolite analysis, two separation models were made to determine the metabolite changes via group activities. The best separation of PCA serum in Model 1 and 2 was achieved in principle component 1 and principle component 2. SUS-Plot model showed that HF group was characterized by high-level of glucose, glycine and alanine. Increase in the β-hydroxybutyrate level similar with SD group animals was evident in the HF/PB(500mg/kg) group. This finding suggested that the administration of 500mg/kg PB extracts leads to increase in oxidation process in the body thus maintaining the body weight and without giving an effect on the appetite even though HF was continuously consumed by the animals until the end of the studies and also a reduction in food intake, thus maintaining their body weight although they were continuously consumed HF

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Dicranopteris linearis leaves chloroform extract in experimental animals

The present study was carried out to establish the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Dicranopteris linearis leaves chloroform extract in experimental animals. The antinociceptive activity was measured using the abdominal constriction, formalin and hot plate tests, while the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema. The extract, obtained after 72 h soaking of the air-dried leaves in chloroform followed by evaporation under vacuo (40°C) to dryness, was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to the doses of 20, 100 and 200 mg/kg and administered subcutaneously 30 min prior to subjection to the above mentioned assays. The extract, at all doses used, was found to exhibit significant (p<0.05) antinociceptive activity in a dose-dependent manner. However, the significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity observed occur in a dose-independent manner. As a conclusion, the chloroform extract of D. linearis possesses antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity and thus justify its traditional uses by the Malays to treat various ailments

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Corchorus capsularis leaves chloroform extract in experimental animal models

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Corchorus capsularis leaves chloroform extract were investigated in experimental animal models. The antinociceptive activity was measured using the writhing, hot plate and formalin tests, while the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test. The extract, obtained after 72 h soaking of the air-dried leaves in chloroform followed by in vacuo evaporation to dryness, was weighed and prepared by serial dilution in DMSO in the doses of 20, 100 and 200 mg/kg. The extract was administered (s.c.) 30 min prior to subjection to the respective assays. The extract was found to exhibit significant (p<0.05) antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. As a conclusion, the present study confirmed the traditional claims of using C. capsularis to treat various ailments related to inflammation and pain

Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of an aqueous extract of Dicranopteris linearis leaves in experimental animal models

This study was performed out to establish the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of an aqueous extract of Dicranopteris linearis leaves in experimental animals. The antinociceptive activity was measured using the abdominal constriction, hot plate, and formalin tests. The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities were measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia tests, respectively. The extract, obtained after 72 h soaking of the air-dried leaves in distilled water and then prepared in the doses of 13.2, 66.0, 132.0, and 660.0 mg/kg, was administered subcutaneously 30 min before subjecting the animals to the assays mentioned above. Generally, the extract, at all doses used, was found to have significant (P < 0.05) concentration-independent antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activity. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of D. linearis has antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity, supporting previous claims of its traditional use by the Malays to treat various ailments, particularly fever

Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of Melastoma malabathricum leaves aqueous extract in experimental animals

The present study was carried out to establish the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of the aqueous extract of Melastoma malabathricum leaves in experimental animals. The antinociceptive activity was measured using abdominal constriction, hot-plate, and formalin tests, whereas the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities were measured using carrageenan-induced paw edema and brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia tests, respectively. The extract, which was obtained after soaking the air-dried leaves in distilled water for 72 h and then preparing in concentrations of 10%, 50%, and 100% (v/v), was administered subcutaneously 30 min prior to subjection to the above mentioned assays. At all concentrations tested, the extract was found to exhibit significant (P < 0.05) antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities in a concentration-independent manner. Our findings that the aqueous extract of M. malabathricum possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities supports previous claims on its traditional uses to treat various ailments

Antinociceptive Activity of Haruan (Channa Striatus) Traditional Extract

The objectives of this study were to determine the amino acid and fatty acid composition of Haruan Traditional Extract (HTE), to elucidate the mechanism responsible for its antinociceptive activity and to clarify the relationship between the presence of amino acids and fatty acids with the expected activity. The HTE was obtained by steaming fresh fillet of Channa striatus with pressure cooker at 100oC, for 3 hrs after 1 hr of seasoning process. For the antinociceptive activities of HTE at different concentration, the extracts were purified, filtered and prepared in concentrations of 100 (stock solution), 50 and 10% dilution in distilled water and subjected to the antinociceptive studies. The antinociceptive activities of HTE was done on different molecular weight, where some of the extract was subjected to the centrifugation-filtration process with Ultraspeed Centrifuge for 7k G in 3 hr using Vivaspin Polythersulfone Membrane with different pore size (3k, 5k, 10k and 30k NMWL) while part of it would be kept in non-filtered conditions / stock solution prior to the antinociceptive assays. Lastly, for the elucidation of the involvement of opioid receptor in HTE antinociceptive activities, the antinociceptive action of the extract with the highest antinociceptive activity resulted from the prior study were tested against naloxone in all antinociceptive assays in a bid to further elucidate probable mechanisms of antinociception. In all of the above-mentioned studies were involved the use of 0.6% acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, 5% formalin-induced paw-licking, and 50oC hot plate test in rodent to evaluate the HTE antinociceptive activities. For the determination of amino acid and fatty acid the stock solution HTE was run into the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC), respectively. All data obtained were analyzed using the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet test with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. From the data obtained, the HTE was found to contain major amino acid cysteine, histidine, glutamic acid, glycine and aspartic acid. In addition, the HTE was found to have a high myristic acid followed by palmitic, arachidonic, linolenic and oleic acid. The HTE exhibited oncentration /dosage-dependent manner significant antinociceptive activity (P<0.05). On the other hand, at different molecular, HTE showed the size-dependent in abdominal constriction, hot plate and first phase of formalin test. HTE also were showed to have an involvement of central antinociceptive mechanism when tested against the naloxone. As a conclusion, the HTE contains all the important amino acids and fatty acids and possesses the antinociceptive activities. Thus, proved the traditional claimed for reducing pain, inflammation and promote wound healing properties

Urine NMR metabolomic study on biochemical activities to investigate the effect of P. betle extract on obese rats

The present studies are to evaluate the ability of PB to induce weight loss and urine metabolite profile of Piper betle L. (PB) leaf extracts using metabolomics approach. Dried PB leaves were extracted with ethanol 70% and the studies were performed in different groups of rats fed with high fat (HFD) and normal diet (ND). Then, fed with the PB extract with 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg and two negative control groups given water (WTR). The body weights were monitored and evaluated. Urine was collected and 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach was used to detect the metabolite changes. Results showed that PB-treated group demonstrated inhibition of body weight gain. The trajectory of urine metabolites showed that PB-treated group gave the different distribution from week 12 to 16 compared with the control groups. In 1H NMR metabolomic approach analysis, the urine metabolites gave the best separation in principle component 1 and 3, with 40.0% and 9.56% of the total variation. Shared and unique structures (SUS) plot model showed that higher concentration PB-treated group was characterized by high level of indole-3-acetate, aspartate, methanol, histidine, and creatine, thus caused an increased the metabolic function and maintaining the body weight of the animals treated

Cytotoxic Evaluation of Effective Ecoproduce (EEP) as a Potential Root Canal Irrigant: A Preliminary In Vitro Study

Concerns have been raised about the usage of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in endodontics following its toxic effects. Effective ecoproduce (EEP), an organic solution produced through the fermentation of fruit peels, exhibits antibacterial and antibiofilm action, suggesting its potential as an endodontic irrigant. However, studies on its cytotoxicity are limited. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of EEP at different concentrations and fermentation periods against the MC3T3-E1 cell. EEP derived from orange and pineapple peel waste and fermented for 3 and 6 months was prepared from 100% to 0.78% concentration. Briefly, 2.5% NaOCl was used as the comparison group. Cell viability was analysed using Alamar Blue and Live and Dead Cell assay. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to evaluate ultrastructural changes to the cells. Data analysis was performed using a two-way mixed Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). EEP exhibited concentration-dependent cytotoxicity regardless of the fermentation period (p > 0.05). A concentration below 6.25% was non-cytotoxic and comparable to the negative control (p > 0.05). Live and Dead Cell assay and TEM analysis complement the findings. The mean cell viability of EEP at all concentrations for both fermentation periods was significantly higher than that of 2.5% NaOCl (p < 0.05). Conclusively, 6.25% EEP fermented for 3 and 6 months are non-cytotoxic and can serve as an alternative endodontic irrigants