Neuronal Chemokines: Versatile Messengers In Central Nervous System Cell Interaction

Whereas chemokines are well known for their ability to induce cell migration, only recently it became evident that chemokines also control a variety of other cell functions and are versatile messengers in the interaction between a diversity of cell types. In the central nervous system (CNS), chemokines are generally found under both physiological and pathological conditions. Whereas many reports describe chemokine expression in astrocytes and microglia and their role in the migration of leukocytes into the CNS, only few studies describe chemokine expression in neurons. Nevertheless, the expression of neuronal chemokines and the corresponding chemokine receptors in CNS cells under physiological and pathological conditions indicates that neuronal chemokines contribute to CNS cell interaction. In this study, we review recent studies describing neuronal chemokine expression and discuss potential roles of neuronal chemokines in neuron–astrocyte, neuron–microglia, and neuron–neuron interaction

Influence of depyritization on NMR relaxation parameters of Aleksinac oil shale kerogen

Parallel proton and cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation measurements are reported on Aleksinac oil shale kerogen concentrate and pyrite-free kerogen concentrate. Possible relaxation mechanisms considered include proton-proton and C-13-proton interactions. The influence of depyritization on relaxation parameters is estimated. Depyritization prolongs the T-1H relaxation time constant by about five times. However, depyritization has no significant influence on relaxation in the rotating frame ( lt 5%). The probable explanation is that there is a certain motion of structural units with spectral density in the kHz region, which averages dipolar interactions between protons and pyrite. The repetition delay is found to be 150 ms for kerogen concentrate and 1-2 s for depyritized kerogen concentrate. The favourable value of contact time is identical for both samples, i.e., 1 ms. At the same time there are no significant changes observed in the CP/ MAS spectra of Aleksinac oil shale kerogen due to depyritization treatment, except for a small band (approximate to 60 ppm) assigned to alcoholic groups which appeared as a result of the partial reduction of carbonyl groups. Use of the pyrite-containing Bg sample in solid-state NMR investigations is found to be more favourable because of its shorter T-1H relaxation time and, consequently, shorter (by a factor of about five) experimental time. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Influence of depyritization on NMR relaxation parameters of Aleksinac oil shale kerogen

Parallel proton and cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation measurements are reported on Aleksinac oil shale kerogen concentrate and pyrite-free kerogen concentrate. Possible relaxation mechanisms considered include proton-proton and C-13-proton interactions. The influence of depyritization on relaxation parameters is estimated. Depyritization prolongs the T-1H relaxation time constant by about five times. However, depyritization has no significant influence on relaxation in the rotating frame ( lt 5%). The probable explanation is that there is a certain motion of structural units with spectral density in the kHz region, which averages dipolar interactions between protons and pyrite. The repetition delay is found to be 150 ms for kerogen concentrate and 1-2 s for depyritized kerogen concentrate. The favourable value of contact time is identical for both samples, i.e., 1 ms. At the same time there are no significant changes observed in the CP/ MAS spectra of Aleksinac oil shale kerogen due to depyritization treatment, except for a small band (approximate to 60 ppm) assigned to alcoholic groups which appeared as a result of the partial reduction of carbonyl groups. Use of the pyrite-containing Bg sample in solid-state NMR investigations is found to be more favourable because of its shorter T-1H relaxation time and, consequently, shorter (by a factor of about five) experimental time. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved