SINTESIS STEARAMIDA DARI ASAM STEARAT DAN UREA MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT CAMPURAN : PENGARUH TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU REAKSI

Surfactant is a molecule which has hydrophilic group and a lipophilic group which can unify a mixture consisting of water and oil. Stearamide is one kind of surfactant non-ionic which has used on any aplication. This study aims to know about optimum of temperature and time on synthesis of stearamide from stearic acid and urea with zirconium (IV) chloride in mixed solvent. This study will be observed the effect of temperature and reaction time on the synthesis of stearamide surfactant from stearic acid and urea with zirconium (IV) chloride as catalyst in mixed solvent. This research was conducted at temperature of 45°C, 55°C, 65°C, 75°C, 85°C and 95°C, reaction time of 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 5 hr, 6 hr, 7 hr and 8 hr, substrate molar ratio at 1:6 (w/w), solvent ratio at 2:1 (v/v), weight of catalyst 3% (%w), and stirring speed at 250 rpm. Based on this research, the optimum condition to synthesis stearamide surfactant was obtained at 85 oC and reaction time at 3 hours

PENGARUH RASIO MOLAR SUBSTRAT DAN KONSENTRASI KATALIS PADA PEMBUATAN DECYL POLIGLIKOSIDA DARI D-GLUKOSA DAN DEKANOL

There are two methods to produce alkyl polyglucoside (APG) which are direct method and indirect method. In this research, APG synthesize with direct method that involves by directly reacting d-glucose with decanol with molar ratio variation of d-glucose:decanol are 1:10; 2:10; 4:10 and 6:10 (mol GL/mol C10) and HCl concentration as catalyst variation are 0,5; 1; 1,5 dan 2 (% based on weight of d-glucose) in 3 hours with temperature reaction is 95 0C. Next process is neutralizing with strong base (NaOH) until pH value is about 8-10 then the aqueous solutions are distillated with vacuum distillation. This research analyze density, yield and wavelength. Decyl polyglycoside synthetic optimum results best density value is 1,05 gr/mL in molar ratio of d-glucose:decanol 2:10 (mol GL/mol C10) and catalyst concentration 0,5%. Best yield in molar ratio of d-glucose:decanol 2:10 (mol GL/mol C10) and catalyst consentration 1,5% (% based on weight of d-glucose) with yield value is 84,09 %. Wavelength analysis of ether and OH linkage with Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy detected ether (COC) linkage at wavenumber 1032,33 cm-1 and OH groups detected at wavenumber 3365,21 cm-1

KAJIAN KARAKTERISTIK DAN PENGARUH NISBAH PEREAKSI, pH AWAL REAKSI DAN SUHU REAKSI TERHADAP BERAT RENDEMEN NATRIUM LIGNOSULFONAT

Indonesia as one of the biggest producer of crude palm oil in the world for sure will have some problems on handling their wastes such as palm shell. Palm shell is one of industrial wastes that having low commercial value with contain about 29,4 % lignin component which very potential for  use as new raw material for Sodium LignoSulfonat production. Sodium lignosulphonate (SLS) is a product of isolated lignin sulphonation process using NaHSO3 as sulphonation agent.The research begins with isolated lignin from palm shell amd continued with sulphonation with mass ratio of palm shell lignin – NaHSO3(b/b) of 1:0.2, 1:0.3, and 1:0.5 and initial pH of 6,7 and  8  at temperature 85 oC and 95 oC. Studies on the efeect of various ratio of palm shell lignin – NaHSO3 and initial pH and temperature for the sulphonation raction showed an increasing yield  of (SLS) yield. The highest SLS yield of 51,2 % was obtained under condition mass ratio of palm shell lignin – NaHSO3 1:0.3, pH 7 and at temperature 95 oC. The resulted SLS was dark brown, purity 66,1782, pH level between 6-7, water soluble

SINTESIS PALMITOIL DAN LAUROIL ETANOLAMIDA MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT CAMPURAN : PENGARUH TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU REAKSI

Surfactant is a molecule which has hydrophilic group and a lipophilic group which can unify a mixture consisting of water and oil. Alkanolamide is a type of widely used nonionic surfactant for various purposes. In this study, we observed the effect of temperature and reaction time on the synthesis of palmitoyl ethanolamide surfactant from palmitic acid and lauroyl ethanolamide from lauric acid with zirconium (IV) chloride as catalyst in mixed solvent. This research was conducted using amidation reaction at temperature variation of 55oC, 65oC, 75oC, 85oC and 95oC, reaction time variation of 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, and 5 hours, mole substrate ratio at 1:10, solvent ratio at 2: 1 (v / b), catalyst concentration 5% (w/w), and stirring rate at 250 rpm. Then the product was analyzed by FT-IR spectrophotometry. Based on this research, the optimum condition to synthesis palmitoyl ethanolamide surfactant was obtained at 55 oC and temperature 65 oC to synthesis lauroyl ethanolamide surfactant at reaction time of 3 hours for both of them

KAJIAN KEMURNIAN DAN PENGARUH NISBAH PEREAKSI, pH AWAL REAKSI DAN SUHU REAKSI TERHADAP NILAI CMC & HLB NATRIUM LIGNOSULFONAT

Sodium lignosulphonate (SLS) is a product of isolated lignin sulphonation process using NaHSO3 as sulphonation agent.The research begins with isolated lignin from palm shell amd continued with sulphonation with mass ratio of palm shell lignin – NaHSO3(b/b) of 1:0.2, 1:0.3, and 1:0.5 and initial pH of 6, 7, and 8  at temperature 85 oC and 95 oC. The purity of SLS made in this studies was 66,782 %. The CMC value of this SLS ranged from 0,014 – 0,052; while the lowering of surface tension of water ranged from 53,63 – 59,83 dyne/cm.  The HLB value ranged from 3,805 – 4,278; means that this surfactant classified as lipophilic. The resulted SLS was dark brown, and water soluble

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN INOKULUM, LAMA FERMENTASI DAN PENGADUKAN PADA PEMBUATAN VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) MENGGUNAKAN KHAMIR SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE MURNI

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is coconut oil that processed without heating. This study about fermentation of VCO using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The purposes of this research is to find the best condition like stirring times, stirring speeds,  fermentation times and concentration of inoculum in the process of making VCO. The variation of stirring speeds are 25 rpm, 50 rpm, 75 rpm, 100 rpm and 125 rpm. Stirring time used was 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes and 75 minutes. The variation of fermentation times are 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, and 30 hours and variation concentration of inoculum are 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. For stirring effects, the highest yield was obtained 24,5% with stirring speed is 50 rpm and stirring time is 30 minutes and the lowest yield was obtained 8,5% with stirring speed is100 rpm and stirring time 75 minutes. For fermentation times and concentration inoculum effets, the highest yield was obtained from this research is 28,25% with addition inoculum is 10% and fermentation times is 24 hours. And the lowest yield is 15% with addition inoculum is 20% and fermentation times is 12 hours. The results of this research for stirring effects showed decreases yield of VCO and for the fermentation time showed increases yield of VCO and concentration inoculum showed no effect for  yield of VCO

PEMBUATAN GLISEROL TRIBENZOAT DENGAN PROSES ESTERIFIKASI MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS H-ZEOLIT TERAKTIVASI OLEH ASAM KLORIDA DAN ASAM SULFAT

Esterification is one method that is often used in converting glycerol. Glycerol tribenzoate is a derivative product of glycerol which used as a plasticizer for polymer industry, food additives, water repellent material on printer ink, and many more. This research aims to study the making of glycerol tribenzoate through esterification process by using natural zeolit catalyst which is activated with hydrochloric acid, in order to obtain the optimum catalyst % weight (w/w glycerol), and also to see the potential of recycling the zeolit. Zeolit is activated by  4M for 6 hours, and then calcined in the furnace at 500 oC for 5 hours. Then continued to esterification process, glycerol 90% reacted with benzoic acid which dissolved in metanol, with mole ratio of benzoic acid and glycerol at 3,5:1, reaction temperature at 65 oC, and the stirrer speed of 200 rpm, the catalyst % weight  is varied at 5 %, 6%, 7%, and 8%, and catalyst recycling is performed 3 times. FTIR characterization result a close match, shows that the product is glycerol tribenzoate. The highest yield of zeolite which activated by HCl is obtained at 6% catalyst % weight i.e 68,992%, while zeolite that activated by H2SO4 is obtained at 8% catalyst % weight i.e 69,678%,  H- zeolit catalyst is still feasible to use up to 3 times recycling, with percent of yield reduction for each recycle is ≤ 8%

KRISTALISASI LIKOPEN DARI BUAH TOMAT (Lycopersicon esculentum) MENGGUNAKAN ANTISOLVENT

Studies on the utilization of lycopene had been conducted to determine the effect of comparison feed and solvent (F/S) and the addition of methanol for extraction of lycopene from tomatoes using mixture solvent of hexane:ethyl acetate (1:1) followed by crystallization antisolvent. In this research,  ripe tomatoes juice was used with volume 150 ml. Lycopene extract was obtained through extraction method at  temperature of 70 °C and the stirring speed 7 rpm. The other method was by the addition of methanol as antisolvent for crystallization. As for changing variable in this study were a comparison of  feed and  solvent (F/S)  1:2; 1:2.5; 1:3; 1:3.5; 1:4 and 1:4,5, and the volume of methanol as antisolvent were 50 ml, 100 ml, 150 ml and 200 ml. The results of this research about influence of feed and solvent to lycopene yield extracted obtained at the optimum condition 1:4 with a volume of 200 ml antisolvent. Whereas the influence about addition of methanol as antisolvent as an agent of precipitation and maximum condition occurs on volume of 200 ml. Wavelength analysis of C=C linkage with Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) detected at wavenumber 1519,91 cm-1, CH2 linkage detected at wavenumber 1446,61 cm-1, R-CH=CH-R linkage detected at wavenumber 979,84    cm-1. While, C-C and C-CH linkage detected at wavenumber 1138 and 1373,32 cm-1

PENGARUH JENIS PELARUT DAN TEMPERATUR REAKSI PADA SINTESIS SURFAKTAN DARI ASAM OLEAT DAN n-METIL GLUKAMINA DENGAN KATALIS KIMIA

Surfactants are molecules that also has a hydrophilic group and a lipophilic group that can unify a mixture consisting of water and oil. Alkanolamide is one type of nonionic surfactants are widely used in everyday life. In this study, will be observed the influence of the type of solvent and reaction temperature on the synthesis of surfactant alkanolamide n -methyl glukamine and oleic acid from palm oil with sodium methoxide catalyst. This study aims to determine the value of the hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB), pH and surface tension of surfactant, by observing the effect of the type of solvent and reaction temperature. This research was conducted by using a flask at 90 ° C, 110 ° C, 130 ° C for 3 hours reaction time, substrate ratio of 1: 2, the stirring speed of 150 rpm and a catalyst concentration of 0.4% (w/w). In the amidation reaction samples taken from the flask every 1 hour for 3 hours and then the results of this amidation reaction was washed with acetone solvent to separate the catalyst. Results washing then purified by heating at 90°C to evaporate the solvent surfactant products hexane and butanol. Results containing surfactant in the analysis with Hydrophilic Liphophilic Balance Method, surface tension and FT-IR spectrophotometry. Based on this research, the optimal conditions at a temperature of 110oC, reaction time 3 hours at the solvent ratio 2: 1. From the analysis of surfactant oleoil n-Methyl glukamine values obtained HLB in the range of 11,53 HLB in accordance with the standard detergent

PENGARUH SUHU DAN KECEPATAN PENGADUKAN PADA PROSES PEMBUATAN SURFAKTAN NATRIUM LIGNOSULFONAT DARI TEMPURUNG KELAPA

Coconut shell is one of agricultural wastes that having low commercial value. This research is objected to use coconut shell as the base material of producing surfactant. The use of coconut shell is basically due to its content of lignin, about 29,4%. The objective of this research is to obtain isolate lignin with increasing chatalis NaOH and H2SO4 with lignin identification, the effect of temperature and agitation rate of producing surfactant. The research was done in a reactor with temperature of 100 0C, 110 0C, 120 0C, 3 hours reaction time, pH 6, 80 rpm, 90 rpm, 100 rpm agitation rate, and coconut shell as the base material. Dry coconut shell is grinded and the powder is collected to be reacted. The coconut shell powder is reacted with sodium bisulfite solution with variation in ratio of 1:0,5.  The product is filtered to get filtrate and residue. The filtrate is further analyzed by using the FT-IR spectrophotometry method. From the research we get maximum purity of surfactant at sodium bisulfite with reactant ratio of 1:0,5;  Speed 100 rpm and temperature 120 0C