Data_Sheet_1_Dietary bile acids supplementation modulates immune response, antioxidant capacity, glucose, and lipid metabolism in normal and intrauterine growth retardation piglets.docx

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) results in intestinal dysfunction contributing to metabolic syndrome and growth lag of piglets. Bile acid (BA) presents various bioactivities, including regulation roles in antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Forty-eight weaned piglets were allocated to four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the effects of BA supplementation and IUGR challenge. Twenty-four IUGR piglets and 24 normal birth weight (NBW) piglets were allocated into two groups, respectively, including the control group fed with a basal diet, and the treatment group fed a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg BA. The experiment lasted 28 days. The results indicated that BA improved liver and spleen indexes in IUGR piglets, whereas decreased blood RDW-CV and RDW-SD regardless of IUGR (P 2O2 and decreased liver T-AOC in weaned piglets (P < 0.05). In addition, IUGR downregulated liver Nrf1 and Nrf2 expression levels, while BA supplementation upregulated the Nrf2 expression of liver in weaned piglets (P < 0.05). Dietary BA decreased (P < 0.05) jejunal GSH concentration and ileal CAT activity regardless of IUGR. Furthermore, IUGR upregulated (P < 0.05) jejunal SOD and CAT expression levels; however, dietary BA upregulated ileal Nrf1 (P < 0.05) and Keap1 (P = 0.07) expression levels in piglets regardless of IUGR. Moreover, IUGR upregulated the liver lipid synthesis (FAS) and downregulated HSL and SCD1 expression levels, while dietary BA downregulated liver FAS and SCD1 expression levels (P < 0.05). However, BA supplementation could enhance liver gluconeogenesis by upregulating (P < 0.05) the liver G6PC and PCK1 expression levels in the NBW piglets but not in the IUGR piglets. Collectively, these findings suggest that BA could regulate the redox status of weaned piglets by regulating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and improving liver glucose and lipid metabolism of IUGR piglets. These findings will provide a reference for the application of BA in swine production; moreover, considering the physiological similarity between pigs and humans, these findings will provide a reference for IUGR research in humans.</p

The cellular A570 values of every group in vivo test.

<p>The cellular A570 values of every group in vivo test.</p

Changes of immune organ indices in each group.

<p>Changes of immune organ indices in each group.</p

Optimization and evaluation of astragalus polysaccharide injectable thermoresponsive <i>in-situ</i> gels

<div><p>The objective of this study was to develop an injectable in situ forming gel system based on Poloxamer for sustained release of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), thus achieved once or twice administration instead of frequent dosing during long-term treatment. The optimal formulation is 10 g APS, 18 g poloxamer 407, 2 g poloxamer 188, 0.15 g CMC-Na, 0.85 g sodium chloride in 100 ml gel in situ which had a preferable sol-gel transition temperature(<i>T</i> sol-gel) (34.1 ± 0.4°C), and good stability. In vitro release studies, all formulations containing polymer additives had prolonged release time and decreased initial burst to some extent. The optimal formulation containing 0.15% CMC-Na showed a best sustained release profile for about 132 h with the lowest initial burst in vitro about 16.30% in 12 h). In vivo, Male BALB/c mice (18–20 g) were administrated with APS in-situ gel just once, the values of immune organ indices, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, and serum IgM, IgG, IL-2 and IL-6 had significant increase, which was consistent with the mice given daily APS injections (7 times), while the above indices were increased more significantly in which administrated with APS in-situ gel twice. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the Poloxamer depot is a promising carrier for the sustained release of APS with an ideal release behavior.</p></div

Release profiles of APS for the first 12 h from in-situ forming gel formulations containing CMC-Na with different concentrations in PBS at 37°C (n = 3; error bars were omitted for clarity).

<p>Release profiles of APS for the first 12 h from in-situ forming gel formulations containing CMC-Na with different concentrations in PBS at 37°C (n = 3; error bars were omitted for clarity).</p

Changes in IgM, IgG, IL-2, and IL-6 concentrations in each group.

<p>a-c Data within a column without the same superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05).</p

Results of evaluation of thermoresponsive APS in-situ gels.

<p>Results of evaluation of thermoresponsive APS in-situ gels.</p

Effect of autoclaving sterilization on physicochemical properties of APS in-situ gels.

<p>Effect of autoclaving sterilization on physicochemical properties of APS in-situ gels.</p

Formulation compositions in thermoresponsive APS in-situ gels.

<p>Formulation compositions in thermoresponsive APS in-situ gels.</p