Extraction of hyperforin and adhyperforin from St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) by supercritical carbon dioxide

St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) under 10, 15 and 20 MPa and at 313 and 323 K. The influence Of SC CO2 density (400-800 kg/m(3)) was examined with respect to extraction yield as well as to hyperforin and adhyperforin content, which was determined using a highly selective LC/MS/MS analytical method. A high concentration (up to 526 mg/g total extract) of two phloroglucinol derivatives was determined in this study showing that the absolute extracted amount of hyperforin and adhyperforin (mg per I g of dry plant) is almost constant not depending on total yield of extract, i.e. on density Of SC CO2. Determination of the rate of hyperforin and adhyperforin extraction at 313 K and 10 MPa showed that the maximal rates correspond to consumption of 7-8.5 9 Of CO2 per I g of dry St. John's Wort. Investigation of ultrasonic extraction of St. John's Wort followed after pre-treatment of plant material (323 K; 10 MPa; 2 h; without CO2 flow) indicated that obtained extract contains a higher amount (mg/g plant material) of two most important pharmacological active compounds of St. John's Wort, hyperforin and hypericin, than the extract obtained by ultrasonic extraction only

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of hyper for in and adhyperforin from St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)

Plants of the genus Hypericum have been used as traditional medicinal plants in various parts of the world. St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) has been reported as an antidepressive, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and a healing agent. Thus, extraction with high yields of total extract and high contents of the pharmacological active compounds is desired. St. John's Wort was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide using a small batch extraction plant. The effects of pressure and temperature were examined with respect to extraction yield of total extract as well as content of two phloroglucinols (hyperforin and adhyperforin). Extracts were analyzed using a highly selective LC/MS/MS method. Applied method of extraction of St. John's Wort was compared with ultrasound extraction with methanol. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is showing high selectivity for phloroglucinols. Within the studied range of extraction (pressure: 100, 150, and 200 bar; temperature 40 and 50°C ) a high content of the two phloroglucinols in the resulting extracts was obtained (up to 52%). An increase of extraction temperature showed a negative effect, leading to increased degradation of hyperforin and adhyperforin. Additional, a fractionation of the supercritical carbon dioxide was performed at 100 bar and 40°C. The fraction 250-450 g of consumed CO2 gave the highest content of hyperforin and adhyperforin in extract (up to 54%, for hyperforin)

Phenolic constituents of 17 Hypericum species from Turkey

OZEN, Tevfik/0000-0003-0133-5630WOS: 000254784200007

Fusarium proliferatum, an endophytic fungus from Dysoxylum binectariferum Hook.f, produces rohitukine, a chromane alkaloid possessing anti-cancer activity

Rohitukine is a chromane alkaloid possessing anti inflammatory, anti-cancer and immuno-modulatory properties. The compound was first reported from Amoora rohituka (Meliaceae) and later from Dysoxylum binectariferum (Meliaceae) and Schumanniophyton problematicum (Rubiaceae). Flavopiridol, a semi-synthetic derivative of rohitukine is a potent CDK inhibitor and is currently in Phase III clinical trials. In this study, the isolation of an endophytic fungus, Fusarium proliferatum (MTCC 9690) from the inner bark tissue of Dysoxylum binectariferum Hook.f (Meliaceae) is reported. The endophytic fungus produces rohitukine when cultured in shake flasks containing potato dextrose broth. The yield of rohitukine was 186 μg/100 g dry mycelial weight, substantially lower than that produced by the host tissue. The compound from the fungus was authenticated by comparing the LC–HRMS and LC–HRMS/MS spectra with those of the reference standard and that produced by the host plant. Methanolic extract of the fungus was cytotoxic against HCT-116 and MCF-7 human cancer cell lines (IC50 = 10 μg/ml for both cancer cell lines)

Shifts in abundance and diversity of mobile genetic elements after the introduction of diverse pesticides into an on-farm biopurification system over the course of a year

Biopurification systems (BPS) are used on farms to control pollution by treating pesticide-contaminated water. It is assumed that mobile genetic elements (MGEs) carrying genes coding for enzymes involved in degradation might contribute to the degradation of pesticides. Therefore, the composition and shifts of MGEs, in particular, of IncP-1 plasmids carried by BPS bacterial communities exposed to various pesticides, were monitored over the course of an agricultural season. PCR amplification of total community DNA using primers targeting genes specific to different plasmid groups combined with Southern blot hybridization indicated a high abundance of plasmids belonging to IncP-1, IncP-7, IncP-9, IncQ, and IncW, while IncU and IncN plasmids were less abundant or not detected. Furthermore, the integrase genes of class 1 and 2 integrons (intI1, intI2) and genes encoding resistance to sulfonamides (sul1, sul2) and streptomycin (aadA) were detected and seasonality was revealed. Amplicon pyrosequencing of the IncP-1 trfA gene coding for the replication initiation protein revealed high IncP-1 plasmid diversity and an increase in the abundance of IncP-1β and a decrease in the abundance of IncP-1ε over time. The data of the chemical analysis showed increasing concentrations of various pesticides over the course of the agricultural season. As an increase in the relative abundances of bacteria carrying IncP-1β plasmids also occurred, this might point to a role of these plasmids in the degradation of many different pesticides

Intestinal Dysbiosis Amplifies Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury.

To test this hypothesis, we assessed the association of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) or long-term antibiotics (ABx) intake, which have both been linked to intestinal dysbiosis, and occurrence of ALF in the 500,000 participants of the UK BioBank population-based cohort. For functional studies, male Nlrp6-/- mice were used as a dysbiotic mouse model and injected with a sublethal dose of acetaminophen (APAP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce ALF