Divorce Law Practice (Part 3)

Part 3 of an overview of divorce law practice deals with contested and uncontested divorce trials, post divorce litigation, and multistate complications. Parts 1 and 2 discussed the initial interview, separation agreements, custody and visitation arrangements, and pretrial activities

FCC v. Schreiber: In Camera and the Administrative Agency

Obtaining protection for business secrets in an agency proceeding is at best an imperfect art. The lack of any uniform rule and the confusion and delay which result from an ad hoc approach are highlighted by FCC v. Schreiber. The authors examine the current state of the law in light of the Schreiber decision and point up the present inequities. Their conclusion is that the situation can only be remedied by enactment of regulatory in camera procedures for all federal agencies. A model for such a regulation is appended to the article

Determining the Phylogenetic Relationship of a Collection of Hydra Strains and Species Using the Mitochondrial Genes : LrRNA, tRNA-Trp and COII

The discovery of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the early 1960’s ushered in the field of organellar genetics. Evidence from both genetic and physical techniques has demonstrated that mtDNA are generally circular in structure, and that they represent the vestigial structure of the ancestral prokaryotic endosymbiont genome (Nosek et al., 1998). The more than 90 vertebrates and invertebrates sequenced to date have been found to have a remarkably constant gene content. With few exceptions, each contains the genes for 13 energy pathway proteins, the 2 RNA components of mitochondrial ribosomes (23S and 16S rRNA), and 22 transfer RNAs (Pont-Kingdon et al., 2000). Biologists have long favored Hydra, a member of phylum Cnidaria, as a model organism for the study of development (Burnett, 1973). Because of its simple body plan, ease of culture, and clonal reproduction by somatic budding, it has found a unique niche in teaching and research laboratories (Lenhoff, 1983). A rather unusual feature in certain species of Hydra is that their mitochondrial genome is composed of two separate linear molecules of approximately 8.1 and 8.2 kb in length (Warrior and Gall, 1985; Warrior, 1987). Although the presence of linear genomes is rare, linear mtDNAs have been reported in a number of simpler eukaryotes such as Chlamydomonas, Paramecium, and Tetrahymena (Nosek et al., 1998). In this study, we were interested in investigating how various strains and species of Hydra are related not at the morphological level, but rather at the molecular level using genes of the mitochondrion. While previous work has examined the relationship of the genome of two species of Hydra to other cnidarians, it was based on nuclear genes (Gauchat et al., 2000). Ribosomal DNA genes have proved very useful for assessing phylogenetic relationships (Hillis et a l, 1991). Therefore, our main focus of this project will be on the large-rRNA gene, however we will also sequence and analyze the gene for a tRNA, specifically tRNA-tryptophan (tRNA-Trp) along with cytochrome oxidase subunit two (COII), which is part of the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (Brunori et al., 2005) These mitochondrial genes from a collection of Hydra were isolated, sequenced and analyzed. This was achieved by designing primers, amplifying via PCR, and sequencing these regions using an ABI 310 Prism Genetic Analyzer. The sequence data was analyzed via the ClustalX software program. From this information a tree building method was employed to generate phylogenetic trees, which is a graphical representation of evolutionary relationships. These trees allowed for the inference of how our collection of Hydra species and strains are related to each other at the molecular level. This project inferred that the Hydra viridissima was the most distantly related Hydra within our collection, followed by the Hydra littoralis. The rest of the Hydra within our collection were divided into two groups. One group was composed of Hydra vulgaris (strain Japan), Hydra attenuata and Hydra vulgaris (strain Basel) obtained by Dr. Kass. The other group was comprised of Hydra vulgaris (strain AEP), Hydra magnipapillata, and Hydra vulgaris (strain Basel) obtained by Dr. Bode

Divorce Law Practice (Part 3)

Part 3 of an overview of divorce law practice deals with contested and uncontested divorce trials, post divorce litigation, and multistate complications. Parts 1 and 2 discussed the initial interview, separation agreements, custody and visitation arrangements, and pretrial activities

Divorce Law Practice (Part 2)

Part 2 of an overview of divorce law practice deals with custody and visitation arrangements, pretrial activities and the negotiation of separation and property settlement agreements. Part 1 discussed the initial interview, the problem of multiple clients, and the three kinds of separation agreements

Throw ‘Em to the Lions (or Bengals): The Decline and Fall of Sports Civilization

There is an all too pervasive view abroad in the land that team sports are sacrosanct and are not and should not be subject to the normal processes of the civil law. The basic argument is that only the internal administrators have the expertise to determine the acceptability or reasonableness of particular contact between players and the scope of the players\u27 consent to contact and the risks that they assume. A more emotional argument but one that must not be underestimated is that team sports are so much a part of American life that they should enjoy a special status apart from those workaday activities subject to the strictures of tort law