The concept of energy traceability: Application to EV electricity charging by Res

The energy sustainability, in the era of sources diversification , can be guaranteed by an energy resources utilization most correct, foreseeing no predominance of one source over the others in any area of the world but a proper energy mix, based on locally available resources and needs. In this scenario, manageable with a smart grid system, a virtuous use of RES must be visible, recognizable and quantifiable, in one word traceable. The innovation of the traceability concept consists in the possibility of having information concerning the exact origin of the electricity used for a specific end use, in this case EV charging . The traceability, in a context of increasingly sustainability and smartness city, is an important develop tool because only in this way it is possible to quantify the real emissions produced by EVs and to ensure the real foresight of grid load. This paper wants investigate the real ways to introduce this kind of real energy accounting, through the traceabilit

Experimental tests to recover the photovoltaic power by battery system

The uncertainty and variability of the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) power plants within the power grid is an open issue. The present study focuses on the use of batteries to overcome the limitations associated with the photovoltaic inverter operation, trying to maximize the global energy produced. A set of switches, was placed between a few photovoltaic modules and a commercial inverter, capable to change configuration of the plant dynamically. Such system stores the power that the inverter is not able to let into the grid inside batteries. At the base of this optimization, there is the achievement of two main configurations in which the batteries and the photovoltaic modules are electrically connected in an appropriate manner as a function of inverter efficiency and thus solar radiation. A control board and the relative program, to change the configuration, was designed and implemented, based on the value of the measured radiation, current, batteries voltage, and calculated inverter efficiency. Finally from the cost and impact analysis we can say that, today the technology of lithium batteries, for this application, is still too expensive in comparison with lead-acid batteries

Successful Dendrimer and Liposome-Based Strategies to Solubilize an Antiproliferative Pyrazole Otherwise Not Clinically Applicable

Water-soluble formulations of the pyrazole derivative 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-nitrophenylamino)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile (CR232), which were proven to have in vitro antiproliferative effects on different cancer cell lines, were prepared by two diverse nanotechnological approaches. Importantly, without using harmful organic solvents or additives potentially toxic to humans, CR232 was firstly entrapped in a biodegradable fifth-generation dendrimer containing lysine (G5K). CR232-G5K nanoparticles (CR232-G5K NPs) were obtained with high loading (DL%) and encapsulation efficiency (EE%), which showed a complex but quantitative release profile governed by Weibull kinetics. Secondly, starting from hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, we prepared biocompatible CR232-loaded liposomes (CR232-SUVs), which displayed DL% and EE% values increasing with the increase in the lipids/CR232 ratio initially adopted and showed a constant prolonged release profile ruled by zero-order kinetics. When relevant, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments, as well as potentiometric titrations completed the characterization of the prepared NPs. CR232-G5K NPs were 2311-fold more water-soluble than the pristine CR232, and the CR232-SUVs with the highest DL% were 1764-fold more soluble than the untreated CR232, thus establishing the success of both our strategies

Comparing the Sustainability of Different Powertrains for Urban Use

The real environment impacts the fuel and energy consumption of any vehicle: technology, physical and social phenomena, traffic, drivers’ behaviour, and so on; many of them are difficult to quantify. The authors’ methodology was used to test the real impact of vehicles in “standard” urban conditions, and many generations of hybrid powertrains are compared. One of the latest performance indexes is the percentage of time the vehicle runs with zero emissions (ZEV). For example, the hybrid vehicle tested ran up to 80% with no emissions and fuel consumption below 3 L per 100 km. A few energy performance indicators were compared between five vehicles: one battery electric vehicle (BEV), two hybrid gasoline–electric vehicles (HEVs), and two traditional vehicles (one diesel and one gasoline). Their potential to use only renewable energy is unrivalled, but today’s vehicles’ performances favour hybrid power trains. This paper summarises the most sustainable powertrain for urban use by comparing experimental data from on-road testing. It also evaluates the benefits of reducing emissions by forecasting the Italian car fleet of 2025 and three use cases of the evolution of car fleets, with a focus on Rome

energy consumption of a last generation full hybrid vehicle compared with a conventional vehicle in real drive conditions

Abstract Hybrid vehicles are one of the most important choices to improve efficiency and reduce CO2 production of vehicles. Benefits in using hybrid powertrains are generally found in urban environment where lower average speeds, higher accelerations make the internal combustion engine run at lower efficiency points. The originality of the present paper consists in the data elaboration and analysis collected in a measurement campaign on road in real driving conditions, on an ad hoc path planned according to the average national daily mileage in metropolitan urban context, which thus acquires a significance generalizable in that specific context, which led to the consumption quantification and an analysis of the main factors that determine the reduction in consumption of full-hybrid vs conventional vehicles. Another important and original aspect of this paper is the analysis of the operating times in ZEV mode of hybrid vehicles, which shows how this solution leads to a significant reduction of pollutant emissions in urban contest. An on-road experimental campaign has been done by comparing two different versions of the same model (Toyota Yaris Hybrid and a conventional one, Toyota Yaris 1.5 gasoline) and a hybrid vehicle with different characteristics (the hybrid born - Toyota Prius), like size, traction battery capacity, generator/motor electric power. Thirty drivers on a fixed path have done this experimental campaign and in this paper, the results are reported. The results show that a strong influence on consumption is due not only to the type of vehicle, but also to driving style and speed. The comparison between the two versions of Yaris, shows a strong reduction in consumption using hybrid vehicle for low and medium speeds (for 20 km/h about 50%), such benefit decreases with the increasing speed and for values higher than 90 km/h both the vehicles have the same consumption. The reduced consumption of the hybrid vehicle at low speeds is due, on the one hand, to the greater efficiency of the hybrid vehicle engine compared to the conventional one and on the other hand to the high functioning in ZEV mode, with the engine off, (63% of time) thanks to the use of the electric motor. The comparison between the two hybrid vehicles with different characteristics (YarisHy and Prius) shows that the consumption trend vs. speeds is similar but the Prius has lower consumption due above all to the high efficiency of the braking energy recovery system, despite the greatest mass. This lead then to significant consumption reduction, but also lower emissions in places where such parameters have an important role: the urban environment

Influence of land use on the hydrobiogeochemistry of the Camanducaia and Jaguari watersheds, Brazil.

Two medium-sized watersheds of the Piracicaba river basin, the Camanducaia and Jaguari subbasins,are being studied to evaluate the effects of land use change on the basin?s hydrobiogeochemistry. The Jaguari basin is an important provider the Cantareira reservoir system that supplies around six million inhabitants of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. A one-year hydrological study began on January 2015 to monitor some water quality parameters such as pH, electric conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC), nitrate (NO ), ammonium (NH ) and total nitrogen (TN). For that purpose we established 19 sampling stations along the Camanducaia (8 stations) and Jaguari (11 stations) river channels; two stations at their main tributaries Mosquito and Camanducaia Mineiro, respectively; and another two stations at small streams in headwater areas of the Jaguari and Camanducaia watersheds. Preliminary results show that DOC concentrations are correlated DIC (r=0.81 at Jaguari; r=0.70 at Camanducaia; p <0.05). We observe that DOC tends to increase by multiples of 2.5 and 3.5 times from forested headwater areas to the most downstream stations of Jaguari and Camanducaia, respectively. Regarding DIC these multiples are 4.4 and 1.9 times greater. The four most downstream stations at Jaguari show urban area effects with higher DIC monthly values ranging from 28.7 to 33 mg L . Also DIC correlated with EC values (means around 160 ?S) at two of these stations. We expect that at the end of this monitoring year results will show stronger relations between hydrobiogeochemical parameters and land use change

Avaliacao do desempenho reprodutivo e estabelecimento da estacao de monta de equinos em regime de monta natural a campo no Pantanal.

O cavalo Pantaneiro caracteriza-se pela sua rusticidade e adaptacao as condicoes ecologicas do Pantanal, fruto de selecao natural por mais de dois seculos. Como animal de trabalho, constitui fator de importancia economica e social auxiliando nas producao pecuaria, alem de contribuir para a fixacao do homem na regiao. A partir de 1900, cruzamentos indiscriminados com outras racas, alem da disseminacao de enfermidades, como o "mal-de-cadeiras" (tripanosomose) e mais recentemente a anemia infecciosa equina (AIE), contribuiram para a diminuicao do seu efetivo. A AIE, enfermidade endemica para a regiao, apresenta incidencia media de 42,7% (SILVA, et al. 1995), sendo considerada, atualmente o principal fator limitante para a expansao da criacao de equino no Pantanal. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo do plantel, submetido ao metodo de acasalamento direcionado a campo e estabelecer a epoca mais adequada para a estacao de monta de equinos no Pantanal Mato-Grossense.bitstream/item/79384/1/COT15.pd

Evapotranspiração da bacia do Camanducaia-Jaguari obtida através do modelo agrometeorológico-espectral SAFER.

No contexto do Macroprograma 1 da Rede AgroHidro, as informações quantitativas da evapotranspiração são de grande importância para a avaliação relações entre a agricultura e as mudanças de uso da terra. Este estudo tem o objetivo de estimar a evapotranspiração na área da Bacia do Camanducaia e Jaguari aplicando o modelo agrometeorológico-espectral SAFER (Simple Algorithm For Evapotranspiration Retrieving) e utilizando imagens de satélite e dados de estações meteorológicas. Foram utilizadas imagens do satélite MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), produto MOD13Q1, referente à reflectância das bandas 1 (?1) e 2 (?1), com resolução espacial de 250 m e temporal de 16 dias, referentes ao período chuvoso (representado pela imagem de janeiro de 2011) e seco (imagem de julho de 2011). Os dados meteorológicos (temperatura do ar, e radiação solar global) disponibilizados pelo INMET foram agrupados em 16 dias para coincidir com a resolução temporal das imagens. Foram realizados trabalhos de campo para coleta de pontos amostrais ao longo da bacia hidrográfica. Analisando a distribuição espacial da evapotranspiração estimada (ET) via modelo agrometeorológico-espectral SAFER na Bacia do Camanducaia-Jaguari, observa-se que conforme as classes de uso e cobertura da terra, foram obtidos diferentes valores de evapotranspiração. No período chuvoso (dia juliano (DJ) 001), a ET média diária para a área da Bacia do Camanducaia-Jaguari foi de 1,52 ± 0,58 mm d-1. No período seco (DJ 209), a ET média diária apresentou valores de 1,39 ± 0,57 mm d-1. O modelo SAFER se mostrou eficaz para a estimativa da ET em larga escala, tanto para o período chuvoso quanto para o seco, sendo sensível às variações observadas entre as classes de uso e cobertura das terras. Os resultados podem auxiliar no monitoramento das condições hídricas a partir de imagens de satélite, auxiliando nos estudos de qualidade de água da Bacia do Camanducaia-Jaguari. Para estudos futuros, sugere-se utilizar imagens com maior resolução espacial e maior quantidade de dados de estações meteorológicas, possibilitando a operacionalidade do modelo para fins de monitoramento hidrometeorológico da Bacia do Camanducaia

Evapotranspiração da Bacia do Camanducaia-Jaguari Obtida Através do Modelo Agrometeorológico- Espectral SAFER

Este estudo tem o objetivo de estimar a evapotranspiração na área da Bacia do Camanducaia e Jaguari aplicando o modelo agrometeorológico-espectral SAFER (Simple Algorithm For Evapotranspiration Retrieving) e utilizando imagens de satélite e dados de estações meteorológicas