New tendencies in the Swahili drama.

One of the most striking charactetistics of contemporary drama is its denial of illusion. Modern playwrights do their best to convince the audience that what is presented on the stage is not a tranche de vie (as was the aspiration of naturalist writers), but a performance

S protjanutoj rukoj : Niščie niščenstvo v poslevoennom SSSR

Résumé« Ils tendent la main » : mendiants et mendicité dans l’Union soviétique d’après-guerreCet article a pour objet la mendicité dans la Russie de l’après-guerre, que nous appréhendons selon trois perspectives : en tant que phénomène social, à travers les politiques nationales à l’égard des mendiants et enfin, dans les représentations que s’en fait l’opinion publique. Notre contribution, qui couvre les années 1945-1961 - i.e., de la fin de la guerre jusqu’à l’entrée en vigueur de la loi contre les « parasites sociaux » -, observe les causes de la mendicité de l’après-guerre, son aspect quantitatif, la structure sociale de la communauté des mendiants. Nous distinguons ici différentes catégories : les « professionnels », les invalides de guerre et les enfants des rues ou abandonnés. Tant les réactions des autorités centrales et locales que celles des citoyens ordinaires furent ambivalentes. Les remèdes contre ce « mal » social étaient variables et souvent incompatibles, allant du « grand nettoyage » au suivi social ou à la charité. La loi sur les « parasites » de 1961 a conclu une décennie de tentatives visant à réglementer la mendicité.AbstractHolding out their hands for alms : Beggars and begging in the postwar Soviet UnionThe article explores begging in postwar Russia from three different perspectives - begging as a social phenomenon, government policies towards beggars, and popular opinion on begging. It covers the period from 1945 to 1961, i.e., from the end of the war to the introduction of the “anti-parasite” decree. The article eхamines the causes of postwar begging, the quantitative dimensions of the topic, the social structure of the beggar community, and describes several categories - “professionals,” war invalids, and homeless or abandoned children. The reactions of central and local authorities, as well as ordinary people, towards begging were ambivalent ; remedies for this social “ill” were different and often incompatible - ranging from “big cleaning” to social care and charity. The “anti-parasite” decree of 1961 brought to a close a 10-year period of attempts at bringing begging under legal regulation

Hubertus F. Jahn, Armes Russland

The study of beggary has a long tradition. In recent European historiography, there is a field which studies practices of inclusion/exclusion of the «alien and poor» in a large historical (from Antiquity to the present) and comparative (covering several countries) scope. Until recently, Russia was not included in this research, surprisingly so because poverty and beggary in Russia have a long history and are important issues today. The appearance of “new beggars” sets the stage for studying t..

Image de la femme dans la litterature Swahili

In the traditional Swahili literature description has a secondary role. Characters` portrayals are limited to a few stereotyped attributes, because they represent types, not individualized characters The model of women`s beauty is taken from Arabic literature: round face, black, flowing hair, big eyes, teeth like pealls with beautiful gaps in between, slender neck... This model is valid to a large extent also in modern novels.. Thus, the complexion of an ideal woman is as clear as possible; even up-rountry heroines are often light-roloured `as a half-cast` or at least bronzed. They are preferably of medium height, lump, but with a slender waist and well-shaped legs

Maria Valtorta: Injili kama nilvyofunuliwa.

An important editorial achievement has been the recent translation into Swahili of the first volume of the monumental work on the life of Jesus Christ in ten volumes, L`Evangelo come mi Stato rivelato (the title of the English version is The Poem of the Man-God) by the Italian mystic Maria Valtorta (1897-1961)

Marx`s shorts and ancestors` caves:: Tracing critical motifs in Kezilahabi`s play and poems.

The only play by Kezilahabi, Marx`s shorts, is a political satire, so pungent that it has not yet been published, although its photocopied manuscript has been in circulation for almost twenty years (it is dated 1978). Probably it was written soon after Julius Nyerere`s pamphlet Azzmio la Arusha baada ya Miaka Kumi (1977), where he overtly admitted for the first time the failure of his policy, clearing the way for critical literary works

Differential diagnostic utilities of combined testing for islet cell antibody, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody, and tyrosine phosphatase antibody

Background. Beta-cell antibody tests are used for the differential diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. They permit to discriminate between the type 1 diabetes (T1D) and non-autoimmune diabetes types. To choose an appropriate test for ruling in or ruling out the T1D a physician needs to know how conclusive test results are. The most powerful estimate of test conclusiveness is its likelihood ratio (LHR). The higher LHR of a positive result (LHR+), the more posttest probability of T1D; the lower LHR of a negative result (LHR), the less posttest probability of T1D. Aims. To compare conclusiveness of single and combined tests for antibodies to islet cells (ICA), glutamate decarboxylase (GADA), and tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 (IA-2A), and to evaluate posttest probabilities of T1D at various pretest probabilities. Methods. All antibodies were tested in parallel in 169 children and adolescents with a new-onset T1D, and in 169 persons without this disease. ICA, GADA, and IA-2A were determined by indirect immunofluorescence, radioimmune assay, and ELISA, respectively. LHR+ and LHR were calculated with the MedCalc Statistical Software. Posttest T1D probabilities were calculated from Bayes theorem-based equation. Results. Among single tests, an ICA test had the greatest LHR+ and the smallest LHR, and consequently was the most reliable either for ruling in or ruling out the T1D. Among test combinations, an ICAGADA combination had the greatest LHR+ and was the most suitable for T1D confirmation. The triple combination ICAGADAIA-2A had the smallest LHR and was the most suitable for T1D exclusion. Conclusions. In the differential diagnosis of diabetes, the most appropriate test for ruling in the T1D is the double combination ICAGADA. With both antibodies positive, this combination provides the highest posttest T1D probabilities at any pretest probability. The most appropriate test for ruling out the T1D is the triple combination ICAGADAIA-2A. With all three antibodies negative, this combination provides the lowest posttest T1D probabilities

ECLAIRE third periodic report

The ÉCLAIRE project (Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems) is a four year (2011-2015) project funded by the EU's Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7)