Effect of temperature anisotropy on various modes and instabilities for a magnetized non-relativistic bi-Maxwellian plasma

Using kinetic theory for homogeneous collisionless magnetized plasmas, we present an extended review of the plasma waves and instabilities and discuss the anisotropic response of generalized relativistic dielectric tensor and Onsager symmetry properties for arbitrary distribution functions. In general, we observe that for such plasmas only those electromagnetic modes whose magnetic field perturbations are perpendicular to the ambient magneticeld, i.e.,B1 \perp B0, are effected by the anisotropy. However, in oblique propagation all modes do show such anisotropic effects. Considering the non-relativistic bi-Maxwellian distribution and studying the relevant components of the general dielectric tensor under appropriate conditions, we derive the dispersion relations for various modes and instabilities. We show that only the electromagnetic R- and L- waves, those derived from them and the O-mode are affected by thermal anisotropies, since they satisfy the required condition B1\perpB0. By contrast, the perpendicularly propagating X-mode and the modes derived from it (the pure transverse X-mode and Bernstein mode) show no such effect. In general, we note that the thermal anisotropy modifies the parallel propagating modes via the parallel acoustic effect, while it modifies the perpendicular propagating modes via the Larmor-radius effect. In oblique propagation for kinetic Alfven waves, the thermal anisotropy affects the kinetic regime more than it affects the inertial regime. The generalized fast mode exhibits two distinct acoustic effects, one in the direction parallel to the ambient magnetic field and the other in the direction perpendicular to it. In the fast-mode instability, the magneto-sonic wave causes suppression of the firehose instability. We discuss all these propagation characteristics and present graphic illustrations

Disclosure of Cancer Diagnosis: PakistaniPatients' Perspective

Objective:To ascertain cancer patients' views regarding disclosure of diagnosisin the Pakistani population, anxiety levels after disclosure of the diagnosis, interestin knowing all the treatment options and desire to inform their families. Patients and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 147 cancer patients fromdifferent hospitals in Pakistan were asked questions to determine their opinionsregarding whether the diagnosis of cancer should be disclosed to patients and theirrelatives or not. Anxiety after diagnosis disclosure and who should disclose thisinformation were also asked. Patients were also asked about their views regardingwhether their families should be informed about the cancer diagnosis withoutpatient's prior consent.Results:Atotal of 147 cancer patients completed the questionnaire. Of these, 112(76.2%) wanted to know about their cancer diagnosis while only 28 (19.0%) patientsrefused. Anxiety levels were increased in 59 (40.1%) patients, remained the same in61 (41.5%) and decreased in 27 (18.4%). One hundred and twenty three patients(83.7%), wanted to know the diagnosis from their physicians. Eighty-four (57.1%)patients were interested in all treatment options, while 102 (69.4%) patients wantedto be actively involved in decision making about their treatment. Only 37 (25.2%)patients answered affirmatively to the question which asked if their families wereinformed about the patient's disease without patient's prior knowledge, while 82(55.8%) disagreed. Conclusion:The majority of cancer patients wanted disclosure of their diseaseby their doctor. The results of this study provide important implications for Pakistanidoctors concerning the practice of diagnostic cancer disclosure to the patients

Evaluations of crude protein and amino acid contents from the scales of four mullet species (Mugilidae) collected from Karachi fish harbour, Pakistan

724-731<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"ms="" mincho";mso-font-kerning:="" 0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-US">The present study was aimed to determine the crude protein and amino acid contents in the scales of four mullet species namely Liza macrolepis, Liza melinoptera, Mugil cephalus and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Valamugil speigleri found in the Pakistan coast. <span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"ms="" mincho";="" mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">The moisture content of scales ranged from 42.8% in L. macrolepis to 58.3% in M. cephalus. The values of crude protein content in dry matter of the scales were found to be in order of 78.07% in Liza melinoptera, 76.45% in Mugil cephalus, <span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"ms="" mincho";="" mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:ja;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-US">70.36 Liza macrolepis<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"ms="" mincho";="" mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="" lang="EN-US">, 62.28% in Valamugil speigleri, respectively. Both glycine and proline contents were found to be high as compare to the remaining amino acids, however, cysteine, methionine and tryptophan were not detected. Hence, the result of the present study revealed that like other materials obtained from the fish, scales could also be considered as a rich source of protein and various essential amino acids, thence, they could also be used to produce various materials including skin moisturizing creams, anti-aging creams, wrinkles removers creams etc. and biomedical materials in <span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"ms="" mincho";="" mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-US">pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.</span

The 21st century disaster: The COVID-19 epidemiology, risk factors and control

The 21st century will be indelible in the world as ruin of the outbreak of COVID-19 was arose in Wuhan, China has now spread all over the world, up to August 2020. This study was based on the factors affecting the epidemiology of this virus in human societies of global concern. We studied the articles published in journals on various aspects of nCoVID19. The Wikipedia and WHO situation reports have also been searched out for related information. Outcomes were followed up until 2020. The COVID-19 is a virus with pandemic potential which may continue to cause regular infection in human. The pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 threatened public health across the globe in form of system as reflected in the shape of emergency. Approximately 21 million humans are infected and 759,400 have lost their lives till 2020 in all over the world. We have described epidemiological features, reservoirs, transmission, incubation period, rate of fatality, management including recent clinical chemotherapeutic approach and preventive measurements and masses which are at risk of COVID19. This virus causes viral pneumonia when it attacks on respiratory system and multiple failure which can leads to life threatening complications. It is believed to be zoonotic importance although it is not clear from which animal and how it is transmitted. Zoonotic transmission of COVID-19 has not yet known by science. The current study will help to establish a baseline for early effective control of this rapidly spreading severe viral illness. The available data on COVID-19 indicates that older males with comorbidities would have been more infected, which can result in severe respiratory complications. Implementation of preventive measurements, investigation of proper chemotherapeutics and detection of cross species transmission agents must be ensured