Three-component reaction of a δ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated aldehyde with arylamines and 1,3-diketones: a novel synthesis of oxa-aza bicycles

δ-Hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated sugar aldehydes (Perlin aldehydes) undergo smooth coupling with β-enamino ketones and β-enamino esters generated in situ from arylamines and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of 10 mol% InCl<SUB>3</SUB> in acetonitrile at 80°C, to produce oxa-aza-bicycles in good yields with high selectivity

Pd(OAc)<SUB>2</SUB>-catalyzed C-H activation of indoles: a facile synthesis of 3-cyanoindoles

Indoles undergo smooth cyanation with CuCN in the presence of 20 mol % Pd(OAc)2 and 40 mol % CuBr2 in DMF to produce a wide range of the corresponding 3-cyanoindoles in good yields with high regioselectivity

Indium(III) chloride catalyzed, novel and efficient synthesis of sugar-annulated N-aryltetrahydropyridines

δ-Hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated aldehydes undergo smooth coupling with enamines derived from arylamines and 1,3-diketones in the presence of 10% InCl<SUB>3</SUB> in CH<SUB>2</SUB>Cl<SUB>2</SUB> under mild reaction conditions to afford sugar fused N-aryltetrahydropyridine derivatives in good yields with high selectivity. The salient features of this method are high conversions, mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, high selectivity and operational simplicity

Trends in Outcome and Hospitalization Charges of Adult Patients Admitted with Botulism in the United States.

BACKGROUND: To assess the impact of new therapeutic strategies on outcomes and hospitalization charges among adult patients with botulism in the United States. METHODS: We determined in-hospital outcomes and charges for patients with botulism hospitalized in 1993-1994 and compared them with those observed among patients hospitalized in 2006-2007. Mortality, length of stay, and hospitalization charges were calculated. Age, sex, race, ethnicity, and discharge status were also reported. RESULTS: There were 66 and 132 admissions of adult patients with botulism in 1993-1994 and 2006-2007, respectively. Men predominance was observed in 2006-2007 compared to women predominance during the 1993-1994 time period. There was no significant difference in the average length of stay and in-hospital mortality rate between the two groups studied. However, in the 2006-2007 group, there was a significant increase in the mean hospitalization charges (USD 126,092 ± 120,535 vs. USD 83,623 ± 82,084; p = 0.0107) and in the proportion of patients requiring mechanical ventilation when compared to 1993-1994 (34 vs. 13.6%; p \u3c 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Botulism continues to be an infrequent cause of hospitalization, with a significant increase in the average hospitalization charges in 2006-2007 when compared to 1993-1994, despite a nonsignificant change in the mortality rate and average length of hospitalization

Interrater Reliability of Expert Electroencephalographers Identifying Seizures and Rhythmic and Periodic Patterns in EEGs.

The validity of brain monitoring using electroencephalography (EEG), particularly to guide care in patients with acute or critical illness, requires that experts can reliably identify seizures and other potentially harmful rhythmic and periodic brain activity, collectively referred to as "ictal-interictal-injury continuum" (IIIC). Previous interrater reliability (IRR) studies are limited by small samples and selection bias. This study was conducted to assess the reliability of experts in identifying IIIC.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe