Clinical evolution of hypertension and proteinuria in patients who developed preeclampsia.

This a report of the clinical follow-up of women affected by preeclampsia.Introduction: Preeclampsia-eclampsia has been one of the main cause of maternal morbidity-mortality in developing countries, affecting 10% of pregnancies. In Mexico, in the recent years it has been estimated at about 2 to 35 new cases per 100 pregnancies. Objective: To report the evolution and severity of blood pressure and proteinuria; and their repercussion on renal function after delivery, in patients who developed preeclampsia. Methods: It was a descriptive analysis of 24 preeclamptic women on clinical follow up until normalization of blood pressure. Results: We observed lower serum albumin, higher severity of 24 hrs proteinuria level and longer duration of hypertension in those women who presented with the highest levels in diastolic blood pressure at the beginning and end of the study

Cellular and Humoral Mechanisms Involved in the Control of Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is a major international public health problem. One-third of the world's population is thought to have latent tuberculosis, a condition where individuals are infected by the intracellular bacteria without active disease but are at risk for reactivation, if their immune system fails. Here, we discuss the role of nonspecific inflammatory responses mediated by cytokines and chemokines induced by interaction of innate receptors expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). We also review current information regarding the importance of several cytokines including IL-17/IL-23 in the development of protective cellular and antibody-mediated protective responses against Mtb and their influence in containment of the infection. Finally, in this paper, emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of failure of Mtb control, including the immune dysregulation induced by the treatment with biological drugs in different autoimmune diseases. Further functional studies, focused on the mechanisms involved in the early host-Mtb interactions and the interplay between host innate and acquired immunity against Mtb, may be helpful to improve the understanding of protective responses in the lung and in the development of novel therapeutic and prophylactic tools in TB

Cuantificación y caracterización de los residuos plásticos generados en el municipio de Puerto Carreño, Vichada

The municipality of Puerto Carreño, capital of the department of Vichada, does not have a characterization of plastic waste produced by its inhabitants, these being a major problem at the municipal level, due to its inadequate management, as well as very low utilization and separation at the source by users, so it is necessary to initiate actions to include them within the circular economy. In this sense, and in order to have basic information for decision-making, the plastic waste produced was quantified and characterized, according to its typology, taking a sample with a confidence level of 80% and error of 15%, which showed that the 6,590 users of the toilet service in the urban area of the municipality, generate approximately 10,473 kg of plastic waste, among which the most produced is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and the least produced, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC).El municipio de Puerto Carreño, capital del departamento de Vichada, no cuenta con una caracterización de los residuos plásticos producidos por sus habitantes, siendo estos una gran problemática a nivel municipal, debido a su inadecuada gestión, así como muy bajo aprovechamiento y separación en la fuente por parte de los usuarios, por lo cual es necesario iniciar acciones para incluirlos dentro de la economía circular. En ese sentido, y con el propósito de contar con información base para la toma de decisiones, se cuantificaron y caracterizaron los residuos plásticos producidos, de acuerdo a tu tipología, tomando una muestra con un nivel de confianza de 80% y error del 15%, la cual evidenció que los 6.590 usuarios del servicio de aseo del casco urbano del municipio, generan aproximadamente 10.473 kg de residuos plásticos, dentro de los cuales el más producido es el Polietileno Tereftalato (PET), y el menos producido, el Policloruro de Vinilo (PVC)

Genetic fixity in the human major histocompatibility complex and block size diversity in the class I region including HLA-E

BACKGROUND: The definition of human MHC class I haplotypes through association of HLA-A, HLA-Cw and HLA-B has been used to analyze ethnicity, population migrations and disease association. RESULTS: Here, we present HLA-E allele haplotype association and population linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis within the ~1.3 Mb bounded by HLA-B/Cw and HLA-A to increase the resolution of identified class I haplotypes. Through local breakdown of LD, we inferred ancestral recombination points both upstream and downstream of HLA-E contributing to alternative block structures within previously identified haplotypes. Through single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of the MHC region, we also confirmed the essential genetic fixity, previously inferred by MHC allele analysis, of three conserved extended haplotypes (CEHs), and we demonstrated that commercially-available SNP analysis can be used in the MHC to help define CEHs and CEH fragments. CONCLUSION: We conclude that to generate high-resolution maps for relating MHC haplotypes to disease susceptibility, both SNP and MHC allele analysis must be conducted as complementary techniques

High levels of anti-tuberculin (IgG) antibodies correlate with the blocking of T-cell proliferation in individuals with high exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

SummaryObjectivesTo determine the effect of anti-tuberculin antibodies in the T-cell proliferation in response to tuberculin and Candida antigens in individuals with different levels of tuberculosis (TB) risk.MethodsSixteen high-risk TB individuals, 30 with an intermediate TB risk (group A), and 45 with a low TB risk (group B), as well as 49 control individuals, were studied. Tuberculin skin test (TST) results were analyzed and serum levels of antibodies (IgG and IgM) against purified protein derivative (PPD) were measured by ELISA. Tuberculin and Candida antigens were used to stimulate T-cell proliferation in the presence of human AB serum or autologous serum.ResultsHigh levels of anti-tuberculin IgG antibodies were found to be significantly associated with the blocking of T-cell proliferation responses in cultures stimulated with tuberculin but not with Candida antigens in the presence of autologous serum. This phenomenon was particularly frequent in high-risk individuals with high levels of anti-tuberculin IgG antibodies in the autologous serum when compared to the other risk groups, which exhibited lower levels of anti-tuberculin antibodies.ConclusionsAlthough cellular immunity plays a central role in the protection against TB, humoral immunity is critical in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in high-risk individuals with latent TB infection

Variants in toll-like receptor 9 gene influence susceptibility to tuberculosis in a Mexican population

Background: The control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection begins with the recognition of mycobacterial structural components by toll like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors. Our objective was to determine the influence of TLRs polymorphisms in the susceptibility to develop tuberculosis (TB) in Amerindian individuals from a rural area of Oaxaca, Mexico with high TB incidence. Methods: We carried out a case–control association community based study, genotyping 12 polymorphisms of TLR2, TLR4, TLR6 and TLR9 genes in 90 patients with confirmed pulmonary TB and 90 unrelated exposed but asymptomatic household contacts. Results: We found a significant increase in the frequency of the allele A of the TLR9 gene polymorphism rs352139 (A>G) in the group of TB patients (g.f. = 0.522) when compared with controls (g.f. = 0.383), (Pcorr = 0.01, OR = 1.75). Under the recessive model (A/G + A/A vs G/G) this polymorphism was also significantly associated with TB (Pcorr = 0.01, OR= 2.37). The association of the SNP rs352139 was statistically significant after adjustment by age, gender and comorbidities by regression logistic analysis (Dominant model: p value = 0.016, OR = 2.31; Additive model: p value = 0.023, OR = 1.68). The haplotype GAA of TLR9 SNPs was also associated with TB susceptibility (Pcorr = 0.02). Differences in the genotype or allele frequencies of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6 polymorphisms between TB patients and healthy contacts were not detected. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the allele A of the intronic polymorphism rs352139 on TLR9 gene might contribute to the risk of developing TB in Mexican Amerindians

CD3+ Macrophages Deliver Proinflammatory Cytokines by a CD3- and Transmembrane TNF-Dependent Pathway and Are Increased at the BCG-Infection Site

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