Water management development and agriculture in Syria

Irrigated agriculture has increased steadily in Syria over the last decades, almost doubling since 1985. This mounting pace has responded to the nation’s food security policy objectives to satisfy the food production needs of an increasing population that features one of the largest growth rates in the world, namely 3,50 percent in 1985 and still 3,39 percent in 2007. Total expenditures for irrigated agriculture accounted for almost 70 percent of all expenditures in agriculture. Sustainable irrigation water policies aimed at increasing the efficiency of water use in agriculture and at conserving water resources by reducing future consumption. The Euphrates River is 2.800 km long and its middle traverses a wide floodplain in Syria, where it is used extensively for irrigation, and the Euphrates Dam is 230 ft (70 m) high. The total estimated water use volume is about 15 billion m3. The Euphrates and Orontes basins account for about 50% and 20% of the water use respectively. About 701.634 ha has been irrigated by ground water in the year 1997. This area represents 60% of the total irrigated land in Syria It has been gradually increased from 30% during 1970 to 44% in 1980 and 49% in 1990. The Government projects extended on 349.820 hectare area, which includes large, medium and small scale farms. The small scale government project is under 2000 hectare, but large scale project over 20.000 hectare areas. The Syrian Government wants to ensure the food supply for sharply increasing population based on established governmental agricultural projects, as state-owned farms. Water balance for Syria indicates that most of the basins are in deficit. This will be exacerbated further especially in basins encompassing large urban areas and if the country’s population continues to grow at its current rate (about 3%) and water use efficiency is not increased effectively.Water utilisation, Water management, Modern irrigation technologies, Benefits of agricultural sector, Governmental supports, Total Renewable Water Resources (TRWR), Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Risk and Uncertainty,

COOPERATIVE MOVEMENTS SETTING EXAMPLE FOR CLASSIC TEAMWORKS OF COUNTRYSIDES IN TRANSYLVANIA

Cooperative movements assured economic welfare of villages, led them to the way of becoming real citizens in the first half of the XXth century. By that period we can say that for improving competitivity advancing coops, and their social role is necessary. In an active coop continuous modernization is needed. This is due to global challenges and multinational companies, and also smaller dominant ones. This is why Hangya cooperative organisations are to be remembered for being the first in the Carpatian basin from the late 19th century. Manufacturers can realize their interests by building their own organizations. This is the cooperation of separate farmers, today dealing with very complicated transnational organizations. Realizing these may be the way to improve livings in the countryside, especially in the agriculture. Joining the following forms of groups is a unique and necessary way to reach these. By this the conclusion is: there must be an integrated network system for production branches controlled by coops with cooperative tenets in Transylvania. For this historical examples of helping farmers remain separate, reach markets must be known and adopted into today’s circumstances.Cooperatives of Transylvania, Judiciary bases, Improving competitiveness, Integrated product channel, Security of income, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Industrial Organization,

Water management development and agriculture in Syria

Irrigated agriculture has increased steadily in Syria over the last decades, almost doubling since 1985. This mounting pace has responded to the nation’s food security policy objectives to satisfy the food production needs of an increasing population that features one of the largest growth rates in the world, namely 3,50 percent in 1985 and still 3,39 percent in 2007. Total expenditures for irrigated agriculture accounted for almost 70 percent of all expenditures in agriculture. Sustainable irrigation water policies aimed at increasing the efficiency of water use in agriculture and at conserving water resources by reducing future consumption. The Euphrates River is 2.800 km long and its middle traverses a wide floodplain in Syria, where it is used extensively for irrigation, and the Euphrates Dam is 230 ft (70 m) high. The total estimated water use volume is about 15 billion m3. The Euphrates and Orontes basins account for about 50% and 20% of the water use respectively. About 701.634 ha has been irrigated by ground water in the year 1997. This area represents 60% of the total irrigated land in Syria It has been gradually increased from 30% during 1970 to 44% in 1980 and 49% in 1990. The Government projects extended on 349.820 hectare area, which includes large, medium and small scale farms. The small scale government project is under 2000 hectare, but large scale project over 20.000 hectare areas. The Syrian Government wants to ensure the food supply for sharply increasing population based on established governmental agricultural projects, as state-owned farms. Water balance for Syria indicates that most of the basins are in deficit. This will be exacerbated further especially in basins encompassing large urban areas and if the country’s population continues to grow at its current rate (about 3%) and water use efficiency is not increased effectively

Methane Reductions to Moderate the Global Warming Effects

The case-study overviews the possible reduction for the methane gas emission in order to avoid of the more global warming effects and climate change caused by the human activity at latest decades. To collect international data base is for analysing and valuing methane gas emission based on the different country-groups, emphasizing responsibility of developing countries and highly developed countries for gas emission, also the methane emission based is on the economic sectors. China and India have share 8% of China and 2% of India respectively of cumulative CO2 emissions over the period 1900-2005, the US and the EU are responsible for more than half of emissions. Based on the estimation the global gas emissions of methane in the whole world has increased by 37% for period of 1990- 2030, as four decades, and this was 0,92% annual rate growth, while the OECD has increased the methane emission by 8,5% for this period, which means 0,21% growth rate annually. Scenario in developing countries for 2013-2020 the methane gas emission reduction could have been 8200 Mt of CO2e (Equivalent) and less than 10 US dollar per ton in more cost financing. Highly developed and developing economies (last one their methane emission share 56% in 1990, estimated 66,8% in 2030) increase their economic growth by mostly fossil energy resulted in increasing also methane gas emissions. The methane gas emission can be solved by those results-based-finance forms relevant to Kyoto Protocol, which can extend in the world by financial institutions

COOPERATIVE MOVEMENTS SETTING EXAMPLE FOR CLASSIC TEAMWORKS OF COUNTRYSIDES IN TRANSYLVANIA

Cooperative movements assured economic welfare of villages, led them to the way of becoming real citizens in the first half of the XXth century. By that period we can say that for improving competitivity advancing coops, and their social role is necessary. In an active coop continuous modernization is needed. This is due to global challenges and multinational companies, and also smaller dominant ones. This is why Hangya cooperative organisations are to be remembered for being the first in the Carpatian basin from the late 19th century. Manufacturers can realize their interests by building their own organizations. This is the cooperation of separate farmers, today dealing with very complicated transnational organizations. Realizing these may be the way to improve livings in the countryside, especially in the agriculture. Joining the following forms of groups is a unique and necessary way to reach these. By this the conclusion is: there must be an integrated network system for production branches controlled by coops with cooperative tenets in Transylvania. For this historical examples of helping farmers remain separate, reach markets must be known and adopted into today’s circumstances