Qualitative Model for Recognizing the Development Phase of Life Cycle in Smaller Companies in Terms of Handling Entrepreneurial Crisis by Implementing Non-Technological Innovation

Obravnavamo faze življenjskega cikla iz vzorca malih in srednje velikih slovenskih podjetij iz predelovalne dejavnosti. Uporabljen je model Puempina in Prangeja (1995), ki je štirifazni (pionirsko podjetje, rastoče podjetje, zrelo podjetje in podjetje v preobratu) in vsaki stopnji so pripisane idealnotipske krize (in kazalci za njihovo ugotavljanje). Raziskali smo različne tipologije inovacij s poudarkom na netehnoloških inovacijah. Za implemetnacijo inovacij v posamezni fazi življenjskega cikla in ob kazalcih kriz smo oblikovali in uporabili model, ki je kombinacija modela Muleja in Hrastove (2012), dopolnjen s socialnimi inovacijami Štukljeve (2015), podprt z 12 dimenzijami Sawhneya in sodelavcev (2006). Analizirali smo podjetja iz vzorca in jih umestili glede na fazo življenjskega cikla. Prav tako smo preverili, ali so podjetja identificirala kazalce krize. Podatke smo obdelali posebej za mala podjetja in posebej za srednje velika podjetja. Kjer je bilo smiselno smo podatke tudi primerjali in komentirali. Rezultate smo prikazali v tabelah in grafično.We adresses the life cycle stages in a sample of small and medium-sized Slovenian companies in the manufacturing sector. We use the model of Puempina and Prangeja (1995), which is a four-phase (pioneering company, growing business, a mature company and a company in turnaround) and the ideal type of crisis (and indicators for their determination) is attributed to each stage. We explore the different typologies of innovation with a focus on non-technological innovation. For innovation implementation at each stage of the life cycle and the indicators of crisis, we designed and used a model which is a combination of design From Mulej and Hrast(2012), supplemented by social innovation Štukelj (2015), supported by 12 dimensions Sawhney et al (2006). We have analyzed the companies in the sample and placed them in relation to the stage of the life cycle. We\u27ve also checked whether the companies have identified the indicators of crisis. Data was analyzed specifically for small businesses and particularly for medium-sized companies. Where it made sense data were also compared and commented. The results are shown in tables and graphics

Drosophila rely on learning while foraging under semi-natural conditions

Learning is predicted to affect manifold ecological and evolutionary processes, but the extent to which animals rely on learning in nature remains poorly known, especially for short-lived non-social invertebrates. This is in particular the case for Drosophila, a favourite laboratory system to study molecular mechanisms of learning. Here we tested whether Drosophila melanogaster use learned information to choose food while free-flying in a large greenhouse emulating the natural environment. In a series of experiments flies were first given an opportunity to learn which of two food odours was associated with good versus unpalatable taste; subsequently, their preference for the two odours was assessed with olfactory traps set up in the greenhouse. Flies that had experienced palatable apple-flavoured food and unpalatable orange-flavoured food were more likely to be attracted to the odour of apple than flies with the opposite experience. This was true both when the flies first learned in the laboratory and were then released and recaptured in the greenhouse, and when the learning occurred under free-flying conditions in the greenhouse. Furthermore, flies retained the memory of their experience while exploring the greenhouse overnight in the absence of focal odours, pointing to the involvement of consolidated memory. These results support the notion that even small, short lived insects which are not central-place foragers make use of learned cues in their natural environments