Finanzsturukturen ägyptischer Sportvereine

Kurzzusammenfassung: Untersuchungsgegenstand: Sportvereine sind einige der wichtigsten gesellschaftlichen Gremien, die sich mit den sportlichen Aktivitäten in der Arabischen Republik Ägypten beschäftigt und sie betreut. Diese Vereine verpflichten sich, die verschiedenen Sportar-ten zu fördern und die Mannschaften zu entwickeln, die Ägypten in den regionalen, lokalen, kontinentalen und olympischen internationalen Wettbewerben repräsentieren. Der Sportverein hat in der Regel unbegrenzte Ziele, die seine finanziellen Fähigkeiten überschreiten. Diese Ziele umfassen z. B. die den im Sportverein tätigen Mitarbeitern gut zu erbringenden Dienstleistungen und auch Turniere, in denen der Sportverein bestimmte Erfolge auf der Ebene der Mannschaften von Erwachsenen oder Vorerwachsenen zu erzielen hat, obwohl er finanziell nicht in der Lage ist, das alles zu finanzieren. Finanzierung spielt eine wichtige Rolle für die Erfüllung der geplanten Ziele bei den Sportvereinen. So ist es relevant, eine analytische Studie über die Finanzquellen von Sportvereinen anzufertigen, um ihren jetzigen Zustand zu prüfen und den Umfang ihrer Finanzierung zu verstehen. Die ägyptischen Sportvereine wurden im Zuge dieser Studie insbesondre auf die Finanzierungsaspekte untersucht. Inzwischen wurden die unterschiedlichen Sportvereine eingegangen, deren Finanzierungsaspekte dargestellt und ein Vergleich mit den deutschen Sportvereinen und ihre Finanzierungsaspekte angestellt. Methode: Da es in dieser Arbeit um die Problematik der finanziellen Aspekte bei ägyptischen und deutschen Sportvereinen geht und gerade weil die Beantwortung der gestellten Fragen wahre Daten voraussetzt, ist die deskriptive Methode anhand der Erhebungsmethode das geeignete Mittel, um die nötigen Informationen und Daten zu sammeln. Dabei setzt sich die Arbeit die Analyse und Interpretation verfügbarer Daten zum Ziel. Aufgrund Schwierigkeiten alle Vereine in Ägypten in Betracht zu ziehen, wird sich auf die Großstädte beschränkt; Alexandria, Kairo, Giza und Port-Said (n= 120) im Vergleich zu dem Sportentwicklungsbericht 2005/2006 (Analyse zur Situation des Sports in Deutschland – Sportvereine und Finanzen) (n= 2964). Der Autor setzt als Erhebungsmethode „Fragebogen“ ein, um Daten und Informationen von den zu untersuchenden Sportvereinen zu sammeln. Ein weiteres Datenerhebungsinstrument war die Dokumentanalyse der jährlichen Berichte (2009-2010) an die Direktionen für Jugend und Sport der vier Städte und die Berichte an den Nationalen Ret für Sport (2009-2010). Zentrale Ergebnisse: Die Sportvereine in beiden Länder verfügen über mehrere verschiedene noch nicht genutzte Chancen, die die internen Finanzierungsquellen fördern könnten. Jede einzelne Einkommensquelle weist (mindestens durch ihren Durchschnittswert) keine große Steigerung auf. Es gibt ein ungenaues Bild der Finanzierungsquellen innerhalb der Sportvereine, das durch die Darstellung der unterschiedlichen Durchschnitte transparenter geworden ist. Die Sportvereine beiden Länder nutzen unterschiedliche Finanzierungsquellen, die konsequenterweise eine starke Finanzierungsverwaltung voraussetzen, um sie erfolgreich zu führen. Die ägyptischen Sportvereine können sich nicht auf die Eigenfi-nanzierung bzw. Geld aus der Bevölkerung, wie Spenden, als einziges Mittel verlassen und auf das Geld vom Staat verzichten. Es gibt große Unterschiede zwischen den an die Sportvereine ausgezahlten Geldbeträgen. Die meisten ägyptischen Sportvereine haben keine in Sachen der Finanzierung und Werbung spezialisierte Verwaltung. Das führt dazu, dass sich die Sportvereine nicht entwickeln und somit keine finanzielle Mittel haben, was zur Schwächung der Pläne und deren Durchsetzung führt. Abstract: Research purpose: Sports clubs are one of the most important social bodies that engage and support sporting activities in the Arab Republic of Egypt. These clubs are committed to enhance different sports and to develop the teams representing Egypt in the regional, local, continental and the international Olympic competitions. A club usually has unlimited goals that exceed their financial capacities. These objectives include, for example, to offer good services to the employees working there as well as achieving a certain success in tournaments on the senior or youth team level although they aren’t financially capable of financing every-thing. Financing plays an important role in the fulfillment of the planned objectives in sports clubs. Therefore, it is relevant to do an analytical study on the sports clubs’ financial sources to check their current situation and to understand the scope of its financing. The financial aspect of the Egyptian sports clubs were particularly researched during the course of this study. Meanwhile, the financial aspects of different sports clubs were presented and com-pared with the financial aspects of german sports clubs. Method: As this study deals with the issue of the financial aspects of the Egyptian and the German sports clubs and precisely be-cause the answers to the questions, requires genuine data, the appropriate method to be used is the descriptive method based on statistical methods to collect the necessary information and data. Thereby, the aim of the study is to analyse and interpertate the available data. Due to difficulties to take all the clubs in Egypt into consideration, it was limited to the big cities; Alexandria, Cairo, Giza and Port Said (n=120) compared to the sports development report 2005/2006 (Analysis of the sport situation in Germany-sports clubs and finance) (n=2964) The author used the “questionnaire” survey method to collect data and information from the specific sports clubs. A further data collection instrument was the analysis of the documents of the annual reports (2009-2010) from the directorates of youth and sport of the four cities and reports from the National Council of sports (2009-2010). Results: The sports clubs in both countries have several different unused opportunities that could support internal funding sources. Each separate source of income doesn’t (at least by their average value) indicate a large increase. There is an inaccurate picture of the sources of funding within the sports clubs, which has become more transparent through the presentation of the different averages. The sports clubs of both countries use different funding sources that, consequently, require a strong financial management to lead them successfully. Egyptian sports clubs cannot refrain from taking money from the state and depend only on self-financing or money from the public, such as donations. There are large differences between the amounts paid to the sports clubs. Most of the Egyptian clubs don’t have anyone to specifically manage the financial and advertising matters. As a result, the sports clubs cannot develop and thus have no financial resource, which leads to weakening their plans and their implementation

Structured Health Literacy Intervention for Mothers Regarding Stem Cells Therapy

Background: Stem cells have tremendous promise uses for the future to treat a variety of diseases, injuries, and other health-related conditions. Their potential is evident to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue. Aim: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of applying a structured health literacy intervention regarding stem cells therapy (SCT) on the mothers' level of knowledge and attitude. Methodology: A quasi-experimental one-group pre-post test design was utilized. The study involved 302 mothers recruited from the pediatric outpatient clinics of Mansoura University Children Hospital (MUCH), Egypt. Data were collected using two structured interview sheets (knowledge and attitude). Results: There were highly statistically significant differences in mothers’ knowledge and attitude one-month post-application of the structured health literacy intervention regarding stem cells therapy compared to pre-application (P=<0.001). Conclusion: Application of a structured health literacy intervention showed a significant improvement in mothers' level of knowledge and attitude regarding stem cells therapy. Keywords: Attitude, Health Literacy, Knowledge, Stem Cells Therapy. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/61-06 Publication date: April 30th 201

General Grade

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COVID-19 Pandemic Highlights the Importance of Inclusive Leadership in Egyptian Hospitals to Improve Nurses’ Psychological Distress

Background: The pandemic has highlighted the crucial role of nurses in health services. Nurses work at the forefront of the healthcare system, provide infection control training, and help reduce the spread of misinformation about the pandemic. Inclusive leaders create psychological safety that improves motivation and boosts job performance. Aim: To explore the effect of nurse managers’ inclusive leadership style on nurses’ psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Egyptian hospitals. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study. The study subjects consisted of two groups: managers (171) and staff nurses (1573). The study was conducted in four hospitals (one university hospital, one private hospital, one therapeutic institution, and one health insurance hospital). Three tools were used for collecting data (Inclusive Leader Questionnaire, Nurse Managers’ Knowledge about Inclusive Leadership, and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale). Results: In total, 67.25% of staff nurses perceived their nurse managers as poor inclusive leaders, and only 12.86% perceived them as good inclusive leaders. Regarding nurse managers’ knowledge about inclusive leadership, 76.023% had unsatisfactory knowledge levels before awareness sessions, and only 7.017% had a satisfactory level compared to after awareness sessions, when the majority of them had satisfactory knowledge levels. Furthermore, before awareness sessions, staff nurses experienced mild to moderate psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic, and only 8.2% were severe. After awareness sessions, 58.55% of them experienced mild psychological distress, and others became well (25.8%). Conclusions: Nurse managers lack knowledge about inclusive leadership before conducting awareness sessions. The majority of staff nurses perceived their nurse managers as poor inclusive leaders. Satisfactory knowledge levels among nurse managers after awareness sessions improved nurses’ psychological distress. Finally, there were strong, statistically significant positive correlations between inclusive leadership and nurses’ psychological distress

Extraction of Nanocellulose for Eco-Friendly Biocomposite Adsorbent for Wastewater Treatment

In the present study, nanocellulose was extracted from palm leaves to synthesize nanocellulose/chitosan nanocomposites for the removal of dyes from textile industrial wastewater. Nanocellulose is of interest in water purification technologies because of its high surface area and versatile surface chemistry. Following bleach, alkali, and acid treatments on palm leaves, nanocellulose is obtained as a white powder. The produced nanocellulose was investigated. The adsorption capacity of chitosan, nanocellulose, and novel synthetic nanocellulose/chitosan microbeads (CCMB) for direct blue 78 dye (DB78) removal was studied. A series of batch experiments were conducted in terms of adsorbent concentration, mixing time, pH, dye initial concentration, and nanocellulose concentration in synthetic microbeads. The CCMB was characterized by using physicochemical analysis, namely Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that the surface area of synthetic CCMB is 10.4 m2/g, with a positive net surface charge. The adsorption tests showed that the dye removal efficiency increases with an increasing adsorbent concentration. The maximum removal efficiencies were 91.5% and 88.4%, using 14 and 9 g/L of CCMB-0.25:1. The initial dye concentrations were 50 and 100 mg/L under acidic conditions (pH = 3.5) and an optimal mixing time of 120 min. The equilibrium studies for CCMB-0.25:1 showed that the equilibrium data were best fitted to Langmuir isothermal model with R2 = 0.99. These results revealed that nanocellulose/chitosan microbeads are an effective eco-adsorbent for the removal of direct blue 78 dye and provide a new platform for dye removal

Nursing students’ perspectives on patients' safety competencies: a cross-sectional survey

Abstract Background Nurses constitute the largest body of healthcare professionals globally, positioning them at the forefront of enhancing patient safety. Despite their crucial role, there is a notable gap in the literature regarding the comprehension and competency of nursing students in patient safety within Egypt. This gap underscores the urgent need for research to explore how nursing students perceive patient safety and the extent to which these competencies are integrated into their clinical and educational experiences. Understanding these perspectives is essential for developing targeted interventions that can significantly improve patient safety outcomes. The objective of this study was to fill this gap by assessing the perspectives of nursing intern students on patient safety competencies, thereby contributing to the global efforts in enhancing patient safety education and practice. Methods In this research, a cross-sectional study design was employed to investigate the topic at hand. A purposive sample of 266 nursing intern students was enrolled from the Faculty of Nursing at Mansoura University. The data were collected using a patient safety survey. Subsequently, the collected data underwent analysis through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical techniques using SPSS-20 software. Results Among the studied intern nursing students, we found that 55.3% and 59.4% of the involved students agreed that they could understand the concept of patient safety and the burden of medical errors. Regarding clinical safety issues, 51.1% and 54.9% of the participating students agreed that they felt confident in what they had learned about identifying patients correctly and avoiding surgical errors, respectively. Concerning error reporting issues, 40.2% and 37.2% of the involved students agreed that they were aware of error reports and enumerated the barriers to incident reporting, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the nursing student patient safety overview domain and their age (p = 0.025). Conclusions Our study's compelling data demonstrated that intern students who took part in the patient safety survey scored higher overall in all patient safety-related categories. However, problems with error reporting showed the lowest percentage. The intern students would benefit from additional educational and training workshops to increase their perspectives on patients' safety competencies

Expectations of Egyptian and German Sports Tourists Depending on Destination and Travel Companions

The expectations of (sports) tourists are individual and, therefore, particularly diverse. This study investigates the question to which extent expectations differ with regard to various aspects (accommodation, food, activities, meeting new people and fears) according to the destination in the home country or abroad and the travel companion. This study also investigates whether differences can be identified between the two studied countries. A total of 39 people in Egypt and 42 in Germany were asked about their individual and group expectations and fears by using the scenario technique. In small groups, the expectations of travelling with different travel companions (friends, partner and children or grandmother) and to different destinations were discussed to develop concrete wishes and goals. Results show that both the country of origin and the destination, as well as the travel companions, have an influence on expectations

Algal Biofuels: Current Status and Key Challenges

The current fossil fuel reserves are not sufficient to meet the increasing demand and very soon will become exhausted. Pollution, global warming, and inflated oil prices have led the quest for renewable energy sources. Algal biofuels represent a potential source of renewable energy. Algae, as the third generation feedstock, are suitable for biodiesel and bioethanol production due to their quick growth, excellent biomass yield, and high lipid and carbohydrate contents. With their huge potential, algae are expected to surpass the first and second generation feedstocks. Only a few thousand algal species have been investigated as possible biofuel sources, and none of them was ideal. This review summarizes the current status of algal biofuels, important steps of algal biofuel production, and the major commercial production challenges

Fabrication and Characterization of Polypyrrole/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Thin Films Using Thermal Evaporation

Polypyrrole/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composites (PPy/MWCNTs) were produced in an acidic solution utilizing an in situ oxidative polymerization method using ferric chloride as an oxidizing agent and sodium dodecyl sulfate as a soft template. Thermal evaporation was used to fabricate thin films from polypyrrole/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites. The resulting composites were examined by different techniques to explore their morphology, structural and electrical characteristics. The surface morphology analysis revealed that polypyrrole structure is a two-dimensional film with impeded nanoparticles and the thickness of coated PPy around the MWCNTs decreases when increasing the amount of MWCNTs. XRD analysis revealed that the average crystallite size of the prepared composites is 62.26 nm. The direct energy gap for PPy is affected by a factor ranging from 2.41 eV to 1.47 eV depending on the contents of MWCNTs. The thin film’s optical properties were examined using experimental and TDDFT-DFT/DMOl3 simulation techniques. The optical constants and optical conductivity of the composites were calculated and correlated. The structural and optical characteristics of the simulated nanocomposites as single isolated molecules accord well with the experimental results. The nanocomposite thin films demonstrated promising results, making them a viable candidate for polymer solar cell demands. Under optimal circumstances, the constructed planar heterojunction solar cells with a 75 ± 3 nm layer of PPy/MWCNTs had a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.86%