Quality Parameter Changes in Wheat Varieties During Storage at Four Different Storage Conditions

Changes in seed quality parameter of three wheat varieties during one year storage at four different storage conditions, were studied. Applied storage conditions adversely affected quality changes in wheat seeds during one year storage. The most pronounced changes were observed for seeds kept at 40°C, RH = 45%, followed by seeds stored at 25°C, RH = 45%, while seeds kept at 4°C, RH = 45% or at warehouse conditions mostly showed minimal or statistically insignificant changes. Elevated temperature of seed storage caused a significant decrease of starch content, hectoliter weight, and wet gluten content, accompanied with increase in fl our acidity, and fluctuating in Zeleny sedimentation value. The intensities of observed changes showed strong dependence on wheat variety

Koncentracije ostataka veterinarskih lijekova u mlijeku s individualnih farmi u Hrvatskoj

A total of 119 raw milk samples collected at individual small milk-producing facilities and collection tanks of milk routes from five counties of east and north continental Croatia were examined for chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, gentamicin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, flumequine and enrofloxacin from January to March of 2011. Immunoassay methods used for drug determination were validated according to the guidelines laid down by European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Data indicated that the methods are appropriate for the detection of antibiotics measured. Measured mean values (μg L-1) of antibiotics were: 0.005 for chloramphenicol, 3.67 for sulfonamides, 2.83 for tetracyclines, 1.10 for gentamicin, 2.64 for streptomycin, 7.67 for dihydrostreptomycin, 10.4 for flumequine and 4.11 for enrofloxacin. None of samples analyzed showed the presence of veterinary drug residues above the maximum residues levels (MRLs) established by European Union and Croatian legislation. The calculated estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for the average daily milk consumption of 300 mL for an adult in Croatia for examined antibiotics showed levels 20 to 1640 times lower than the values of acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) fixed by European Medicines Agency and World Health Organization. This suggested that toxicological risk associated with the consumption of analysed milk could not be considered a public health issue with regards to these veterinary drugs.Tijekom 3 mjeseca analizirano je ukupno 119 uzoraka mlijeka na veterinarske lijekove: kloramfenikol, sulfonamide, tetraciklin, gentamicin, streptomicin, dihidrostreptomicin, flumekin i enrofloksacin. Imunoenzimske metode korištene za određivanje veterinarskih lijekova validirane su prema odredbama propisanim Odlukom Europske komisije 2002/657/ EC. Rezultati validacije metoda pokazuju da su primijenjene metode prikladne za tu namjenu. Ni u jednom uzorku mlijeka nije utvrđena koncentracija ostataka veterinarskih lijekova iznad najviših dopuštenih količina (NDK) utvrđenih Europskom legislativom. Izračunate procjene unosa određivanih lijekova mlijekom su za 20 do 1640 puta niže od zadanih prihvatljivih dnevnih količina unosa. Prema dobivenim rezultatima može se zaključiti da određivani veterinarski lijekovi ne predstavljaju toksikološki rizik za potrošače s obzirom na rezultate analize mlijeka na ostatke antibiotika s malih farmi

Koncentracije ostataka veterinarskih lijekova u mlijeku s individualnih farmi u Hrvatskoj

A total of 119 raw milk samples collected at individual small milk-producing facilities and collection tanks of milk routes from five counties of east and north continental Croatia were examined for chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, gentamicin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, flumequine and enrofloxacin from January to March of 2011. Immunoassay methods used for drug determination were validated according to the guidelines laid down by European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Data indicated that the methods are appropriate for the detection of antibiotics measured. Measured mean values (μg L-1) of antibiotics were: 0.005 for chloramphenicol, 3.67 for sulfonamides, 2.83 for tetracyclines, 1.10 for gentamicin, 2.64 for streptomycin, 7.67 for dihydrostreptomycin, 10.4 for flumequine and 4.11 for enrofloxacin. None of samples analyzed showed the presence of veterinary drug residues above the maximum residues levels (MRLs) established by European Union and Croatian legislation. The calculated estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for the average daily milk consumption of 300 mL for an adult in Croatia for examined antibiotics showed levels 20 to 1640 times lower than the values of acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) fixed by European Medicines Agency and World Health Organization. This suggested that toxicological risk associated with the consumption of analysed milk could not be considered a public health issue with regards to these veterinary drugs.Tijekom 3 mjeseca analizirano je ukupno 119 uzoraka mlijeka na veterinarske lijekove: kloramfenikol, sulfonamide, tetraciklin, gentamicin, streptomicin, dihidrostreptomicin, flumekin i enrofloksacin. Imunoenzimske metode korištene za određivanje veterinarskih lijekova validirane su prema odredbama propisanim Odlukom Europske komisije 2002/657/ EC. Rezultati validacije metoda pokazuju da su primijenjene metode prikladne za tu namjenu. Ni u jednom uzorku mlijeka nije utvrđena koncentracija ostataka veterinarskih lijekova iznad najviših dopuštenih količina (NDK) utvrđenih Europskom legislativom. Izračunate procjene unosa određivanih lijekova mlijekom su za 20 do 1640 puta niže od zadanih prihvatljivih dnevnih količina unosa. Prema dobivenim rezultatima može se zaključiti da određivani veterinarski lijekovi ne predstavljaju toksikološki rizik za potrošače s obzirom na rezultate analize mlijeka na ostatke antibiotika s malih farmi

Kemometrijska analiza udjela visokomolekularnih glutenina i struktura kruha od hrvatskih sorata pšenice

The aim of this work is to investigate functional relationships among wheat properties, high molecular mass (weight) (HMW) glutenin subunits and bread quality produced from eleven Croatian wheat cultivars by chemometric analysis. HMW glutenin subunits were fractionated by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and subsequently analysed by scanning densitometry in order to quantify HMW glutenin fractions. Wheat properties are characterised by four variables: protein content, sedimentation value, wet gluten and gluten index. Bread quality is assessed by the standard measurement of loaf volume, and visual quality of bread slice is quantified by 8 parameters by the use of computer image analysis. The data matrix with 21 columns (measured variables) and 11 rows (cultivars) is analysed for determination of number of latent variables. It was found that the first two latent variables account for 92, 85 and 87 % of variance of wheat quality properties, HMW glutenin fractions, and the bread quality parameters, respectively. Classification and functional relationships are discussed from the case data (cultivars) and variable projections to the planes of the first two latent variables. Between Glu-D1y proportion and the bread quality parameters (standard parameter loaf volume and bread crumb cell area fraction determined by image analysis) the strongest positive correlations are found r = 0.651 and r = 0.885, respectively. Between Glu-B1x proportion and the bread quality parameters the strongest negative correlations are found r =-0.535 and r = –0.841, respectively. The results are discussed in view of possible development of new and improvement of existing wheat cultivars and optimisation of bread production.Svrha je rada istražiti me|usobnu ovisnost svojstava pšenice, udjela visokomolekularnih podjedinica glutenina (HMW) i kakvoće kruha proizvedenih od jedanaest hrvatskih sorata pšenice primjenom kemometrijske analize. Podjedinice HMW glutenina frakcionirane su natrijevim dodecilsulfat poliakrilamid gel-elektroforezom (SDS-PAGE), a zatim analizirane »scan« denizitrometrom radi određivanja frakcija HMW glutenina. Svojstva pšenice određena su sa četiri varijable: udjel proteina, vrijednost sedimentacije, količina vlažnog glutena i glutenski indeks. Kakvoća je kruha ocijenjena standardnim mjerenjem volumena kruha, a vizualna kvaliteta kriške kruha utvrđena je s osam parametara dobivenih računalnom analizom slike. Matrica podataka s 21 stupcem (mjerene varijable) i 11 redaka (sorte pšenice) analizirana je da bi se odredio broj latentnih varijabla. Ustanovljeno je da prve dvije latentne varijable objašnjavaju 92, 85 i 87 % varijance skupova podataka za kakvoću brašna, udjele frakcija HMW glutenina i kakvoće kruha. Projiciranjem na plohu prvih dviju latentnih varijabla razmotrena je klasifikacija i međusobna ovisnost sorata pšenice. Utvrđeno je da postoji najveća pozitivna korelacija između udjela D1y glutenina i kakvoće kruha (standardnim postupkom određivanja volumena i ukupne površine šupljikavosti kruha određene računalnom analizom slike), odgovarajuće vrijednosti su r = 0,651 i r = 0,885. Najveća negativna korelacija postignuta je između udjela Glu-B1x glutenina i kakvoće kruha, odgovarajuće su vrijednosti r = – 0,535 i r = – 0,841. Razmatrane su implikacije dobivenih rezultata za mogući daljnji razvoj i poboljšanje sorata pšenice i optimiranje procesa proizvodnje kruha

POVEZANOST RAČUNALNE ANALIZE SLIKE S JAČINOM GLUTENA PŠENICE

The objective of this study was to determine bread slice medium part properties in relation to quality parameters with a focus on gluten strength. Since sensory evaluation of bread is time consuming, expensive and subjective in nature, computerized image analysis was applied as objective method of bread crumb quality evaluation. Gluten Index method was applied as fast and reliable tool for defining gluten strength of wheat. Significant (P90) Ana, Demetra, Klara, Srpanjka and Divana have shown trend to give unequal and bigger crumb grains while cultivars Golubica, Barbara, Žitarka, Kata and Sana with optimal gluten strength (GI= 60-90) have shown finer and uniform crumb grain.Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanost parametara izgleda sredine kruha i kakvoće pšenice, s naglaskom na jačinu glutena. Budući da je senzorska procjena kruha vremenski zahtjevna, skupa i relativno subjektivna, u procjeni izgleda sredine kruha korištena je računalna analiza slike kao objektivna metoda. Jačina glutena pšenice određena je brzom i pouzdanom gluten indeks metodom. Statistički značajna (p90), Anu, Demetru, Klaru, Srpanjku i Divanu, karakterizira neujednačena poroznost sredine kruha s velikim šupljinama, za razliku od kultivara Golubice, Barbare, Žitarke, Kate i Sane s optimalnom vrijednošću gluten indeksa (GI= 60-90), čija je poroznost, s obzirom na manje šupljine, bila ujednačenija

Wheat Grain and Flour Quality as Affected by Cropping Intensity

Average grain yield of 3.93 t/ha in Croatia in the last decade (1991–2001) indicates that winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is still widely grown under extensive production systems primarily characterized by suboptimal nitrogen fertilization. Therefore, the object of this research was to evaluate the bread-making quality of grain and flour of different wheat cultivars as influenced by cropping intensity and foliar nitrogen application at flowering. A field experiment under two cropping intensities, called intensive and extensive production systems, was conducted in the 1999/2000 growing season at the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb. The use of an intensive production system compared to an extensive system significantly improved hectolitre weight (1.9 %), protein content (16.9 %), wet gluten (59.7 %), sedimentation (67.2 %), falling number (7.8 %), water absorption (2.0 %), dough development time (78.2 %), dough stability (900.0 %), dough resistance (138.1%) and farinograph quality number (142.8 %), while it had no effect on gluten index, flour yield and physical grain properties (1000-grain weight, grain length, width and thickness). Under the intensive system, compared to the extensive production system, only softening degree decreased by 29.5 %, which also had positive impact on bread-making quality of wheat. Foliar nitrogen application at flowering additionally improved hectolitre weight (1.1 %), protein content (6.1 %), wet gluten (11.8 %), sedimentation (16.5 %), water absorption (2.5 %) and dough development time (28.4 %). The findings showed that wheat with better bread-making quality might be achieved under intensive production systems, particularly with high nitrogen fertilization rates

Influence of fertilization on cadmium accumulation in wheat grain

Jedan od najvažnijih izvora kontaminacije žitarica kadmijem je fosfatno gnojivo. Cilj ovoga rada je istražiti koncentracije kadmija u zrnu pšenice nakon prethodne gnojidbe značajno povećanim razinama fosfora i kalija. Pokus je postavljen na kiselom tlu prosječne plodnosti u Badljevini (općina Pakrac, županija Požeško-slavonska) u proljeće 2003. godine. Srednje vrijednosti koncentracija fosfora i kalija u zrnu se nisu značajno mijenjale dodatnom gnojidbom, dok su koncentracije kadmija bile niske i nisu uopće varirale. Naši rezultati ukazuju da nije bilo utjecaja prethodne gnojidbe s povećanim razinama fosfora i kalija na akumulaciju kadmija u zrnu pšenice. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja akumulacije kadmija s više genotipova pšenice uzgajanih na različitim tipovima tla.One of the most important sources of cadmium contamination in cereals is phosphate fertilization. The objective of this study is to examine concentrations of cadmium in wheat grain after fertilization with significant increasing levels of phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was set on an acid soil of moderate fertility in Badljevina (Pakrac, Požega-Slavonia County) in the spring of 2003. Mean values of phosphorus and potassium concentrations in grain did not change significantly by increasing fertilization levels, whereas cadmium concentrations were low and they did not vary at all. Our results suggest that there was no influence of fertilization on cadmium accumulation in wheat grain. Further investigations are needed which would include more wheat genotypes grown on different soil types

ZNAČAJ VISOKOMOLEKULARNIH PODJEDINICA GLUTENINA U PROCJENI KAKVOĆE PŠENICE

High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) composition was analyzed by sodium-dodecyl-sulfat-polyacrilamid-gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), while the quantitative determination of total HMW-GS was obtained by reversed phase- high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Considering HMW-GS composition, the most frequent subunits at Glu-A1 locus were N, at Glu-B1 locus 7+9 and at Glu-D1 locus 2+12. The cultivars with the GS 5+10 at Glu-D1 locus have shown better technological characteristics in contrast to cultivars with the GS 2+12. The cultivars Žitarka, Srpanjka, Barbara, Klara and Golubica in spite of presence HMW-GS 2+12 have shown very good and good technological properties because they had optimal proportions (>10%) of total HMW-GS. The results of the linear correlation analysis between quality parameters and HMW-GS composition have shown significant (P10%) ukupnih HMW-GS. Rezultati linearne korelacije između parametara kakvoće i sastava HMW-GS pokazali su značajan (p<0,05) pozitivan utjecaj HMW-GS (Glu-1 bodovi) na sedimentacijsku vrijednost (r=0,55), gluten indeks (r=0,72), energiju tijesta (r=0,61), maksimalni otpor (r=0,64), te omjera otpora i rastezljivosti tijesta (r=0,58). U odnosu na sastav HMW-GS, njihovi udjeli pokazuju značajniji utjecaj na udio proteina (r=0,82), vrijeme razvoja tijesta (r=0,70), stupanj omekšanja (r=-0,90), energiju tijesta (r=0,74) i na volumen kruha (r=0,65)

GENETSKI NAPREDAK U KVANTITATIVNIM SVOJSTVIMA LINIJA SOJE UNUTAR RAZLIČITIH GRUPA ZRIOBE

The breeding work on soybean at the Agricultural Institute Osijek has primarily been aimed at continued development of new and better cultivars with higher yield potential in the maturity range of 00 to II. Improving of soybean yield potential is based on the improvement of genetic basis of traits determining its quantity and the application of conventional breeding methods used in self-pollinated crops, such as soybean. The objective of this research was to evaluate genetic advance in quantitative performances - grain yield, protein and oil content in grain as well as oil quality of recently developed soybean elite breeding lines, which was done in comparative field tests with standards through the three-year period (2001 to 2003) in Osijek, Croatia. Tested elite breeding lines have been developed from different hybridizations within the Institute\u27s soybean breeding program and selected on the basis of their performance. The grain yield and grain quality value of tested genotypes was estimated through analysis of level and stability of grain yield, protein content and oil content in grain. The tested materials which showed high level and good stability in all three investigated traits, were subjected to the analysis of triacylglycerols. Statistical analysis showed that most of the tested elite breeding lines had significantly higher grain yield, protein and oil content in grain relative to the standards into MGs 00, 0 and I, as well as good stability in analyzed traits. There was a significant genetic variability in triacylglycerols. Generally, these data indicate achieved genetic advance in grain yield and grain quality of domestic soybean lines into MGs 00, 0 and I.Oplemenjivački rad na soji u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek prvenstveno je usmjeren na kontinuirano stvaranje novih boljih kultivara soje višeg potencijala rodnosti u okvirima grupa zriobe 00 do II. Genetsko unapreñenje potencijala rodnosti soje sastoji se u unapreñenju genetske osnove svojstava koja odreñuju njegovu količinu, primjenjujući konvencionalne oplemenjivačke metode za samooplodne kulture, kao što je soja. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti genetski napredak u kvantitativnim svojstvima – urodu zrna, sadržaju bjelančevina i ulja u zrnu te kvaliteti ulja novih elitnih oplemenjivačkih linija soje u usporedbi sa standardima kroz komparativne poljske pokuse u trogodišnjem razdoblju (2001-2003) u Osijeku. Ispitivane elitne oplemenjivačke linije stvorene su iz različitih križanja unutar oplemenjivačkog programa soje Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek, a izdvojene su na osnovu njihovih osobina. Vrijednost ispitivanih genotipova soje s obzirom na urod zrna i kakvoću zrna, procijenjena je analizom visine i stabilnosti uroda zrna, sadržaja bjelančevina i sadržaja ulja u zrnu. Nakon analize stabilnosti, na dijelu ispitivanog materijala koji je imao visoku razinu i dobru stabilnost sva tri svojstva, provedena je analiza triacilglicerola. Provedena biometrijska analiza pokazala je da većina ispitivanih linija ima značajno veći urod zrna, sadržaj bjelančevina i ulja u zrnu u odnosu na standarde unutar grupa zriobe 00, 0 i I, kao i dobru stabilnost analiziranih svojstava. Analizom triacilglicerola utvrñena je značajna genetska varijabilnost u ovom svojstvu. Općenito, rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju na ostvareni genetski napredak u urodu zrna i kakvoći zrna domaćih linija soje unutar grupe zriobe 00, 0 i I