Hermes und Dike. Verständnis und Ziel des platonischen Denkens

The questions of philosophical understanding and justice are essentially interrelated from the very beginnings of the Greek philosophizing. Just as the philosophical hermeneutics or hJrmeneiva has its prephilosophical origin in the Greek god Hermes, the Platonic understanding of justice (dikaiosuvnh) has it in the goddess Dike. In his ambivalency Hermes thus indicates the possibility of understanding as well as the possibility of misleadance or misuse of understanding, which – in the horizon of Socratic and Platonic philosophy – means the same as lack of understanding. In the Platonic philosophy the cognition and ethical attitude are namely closely related. But if the ethical attitude is understood mostly as righteousness, the latter shouldn’t be understood in the somewhat reduced meaninf of accordance of human actions with the state laws; what we have to deal with is the inner accordance and harmony of man and his soul, and this also means the accordance of man with the world he lives in From this point of view the potential hermeneutical an-archism” can once again – this time in another way – be pointed towards the question of ajrchv and transposed from the sphere of mere theory into the very being of human life, which is – in the Platonic philosophy – threated through the question of soul.Pitanja filozofskog razumijevanja i pravednosti bitno su povezana od samih početaka grčkog filozofiranja. Baš kao što filozofska heremenutika ili hJrmeneiva ima svoj pretfilozofski izvor u grčkome bogu Hermesu, platoničko razumijevanje pravednosti (dikaiosuvnh) ima ga u božici Dike. U svojoj ambivalentnosti Hermes tako naznačuje mogućnost razumijevanja kao i mogućnosti zavođenja ili zloupotrebe razumijevanja, koje – u horizontu sokratičke i platoničke filozofije – znači zapravo nedostatak razumijevanja. U platoničkoj filozofiji, naime, spoznaja i etički stav blisko su povezani. Ali ako se taj etički stav ponajvećma razumije kao pravičnost, potonja se ne smije razumjeti u ponešto reduciranom značenju slaganja ljudskih djelovanja s državnim zakonima; ono čime se trebamo baviti jest unutarnje slaganje i harmonija čovjeka i njegove duše, a što također znači slaganje čovjeka sa svijetom u kojemu živi. S tog gledišta, potencijalni hermeneutički ‘an-arhizam’ može se ponovno – ovoga puta drukčije – usmjeriti prema pitanju ajrchv i transponirati iz sfere puke teorije u samo biće ljudskoga života, koje se – u platoničkoj filozofiji – tretira kroz pitanje o duši.La question de la compréhension philosophique et celle de la justice sont intrinsèquement liées depuis les débuts de la philosophie grecque. La compréhension platonicienne de la justice tire son origine pré-philosophique de la déesse Diké, tout comme l’herméneutique tire la sienne du dieu grec Hermès. L’ambivalence d’Hermès implique la possibilité de comprendre mais aussi la possibilité de séduire ou d’abuser de cette compréhension, ce qui, dans l’horizon de la philosophie socratique et platonicienne, signifie en fait un défaut de compréhension. Dans la philosophie platonicienne, la connaissance et la position éthique sont intimement liées. Si cette position éthique s’entend comme la justice, celle-ci ne doit pas être entendue dans le sens, quelque peu réducteur, d’une harmonie entre les actions de l’homme et les lois de l’Etat. Nous devrions plutôt nous occuper de l’harmonie intérieure de l’homme et de son âme, ce qui signifie en même temps l’harmonie entre l’homme et le monde dans lequel il vit. De ce point de vue, « l’an-archisme » herméneutique potentiel peut s’orienter, d’une nouvelle façon cette fois-ci, vers la question de l’archè et se transposer d’une simple théorie en existence même de la vie humaine, traitée dans la philosophie platonicienne à travers la question de l’âme.Die Fragen des philosophischen Verstehens und der Gerechtigkeit stehen seit den Anfängen der griechischen Philosophie in einem wesentlichen Zusammenhang. Die philosophische Hermeneutik oder hJrmeneiva hat ihren präphilosophischen Ursprung im griechischen Gott Hermes; das platonische Verständnis der Gerechtigkeit (dikaiosuvnh) wiederum geht auf die Göttin Dike zurück. Das ambivalente Wesen des Hermes verweist auf die Möglichkeit des Verstehens, aber auch der Verführung im Sinne eines missbrauchten Verstehens, womit im Horizont der sokratischen und platonischen Philosophie eigentlich ein Nichtexistieren von Verstehen gemeint ist. In der platonischen Philosophie liegen nämlich die Erkenntnis und die ethische Position eng beieinander. Fasst man diese ethische Position aber hauptsächlich als Gerechtigkeit auf, so darf man diese nicht in etwas reduzierterem Sinn als die Übereinstimmung menschlichen Handelns mit den staatlichen Gesetzen verstehen; uns interessiert vielmehr die innere Übereinstimmung und Harmonie des Menschen in seiner Seele, und das bedeutet auch die Übereinstimmung des Menschen mit der Welt, in der er lebt. Von diesem Standpunkt aus kann man den potenziellen hermeneutischen „An-archismus” erneut – diesmal allerdings auf andere Weise – auf die Frage der ajrchv ausrichten und aus der Sphäre reiner Theorie in das Wesen selbst des menschlichen Lebens transponieren. Dieses Wesen des menschlichen Lebens wird in der platonischen Philosophie anhand der Frage nach der Seele behandelt

Synthesis and process optimization of colloidal unimolecular polymer, cup, particle formation, and its interfacial surface tension behavior

Colloidal Unimolecular Polymer (CUP) particles are 3-9 nm size single-chain polymer nanoparticles that are made from amphiphilic acrylic co-polymers using the process of water reduction. The formation of CUP particles was driven by the polymer-polymer interactions being greater than polymer-solvent interactions as well as the charge-charge repulsion due to the increasing dielectric of the medium. CUPs provide a surfactant or additive-free nanoparticle system that was useful for studying the interfacial behavior of pure aqueous nanoparticles using a maximum bubble pressure tensiometer. The equilibrium surface tension shows a dependence on concentration and the charge density of the CUP particle. The equilibrium surface tension becomes constant at higher concentrations due to the counterion condensation effect. The dynamic surface tension is dominated by the rate of diffusion of CUP particles to the interface. The water reduction process which transforms a single polymer chain into a particle was observed using viscosity measurements on a vibration viscometer. Changing the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ratios in the co-polymer, changed the THF-water composition required to cause the collapse or self-organization of the polymer chain. The design of the CUP polymer was optimized by defining the charge density limits for stable and spheroidal CUP particle formation. It was found that the charge density (ions/nm²) of the particle must be between 0.32 to 0.85 to form a stable and spheroidal particle. When the Charge density (ions/nm²) is higher than 0.85, it would result in non-spheroid conformation (like dumbbell, pearl necklace, etc.) whereas when it is lower than 0.32, it would result in aggregation of the particles due to poor stability --Abstract, page iv

Improving Creativity in Temporary Virtual Teams

We live in an interconnected world in which physical location has become less of a hindrance to communication, yet newer message transmission media alter not only the process but also the content of creative communication. While temporary virtual teams offer alternatives to solve issues which resist resolution using traditional approaches, virtual team characteristics can limit the ability to create novel and useful solutions. Since creativity is a necessary and significant requirement for success across a wide variety of domains, this poses a serious challenge for those intending to improve organizational creativity through the use of virtual teams and exposes the difficulty of studying creativity in a virtual environment. The author creates a modular online research tool to more effectively study how eight characteristics of virtual teams interact to improve or restrict creativity: depersonalization, time pressure, noise, level of organization, degree of autonomy, range of potential solution categories, expectation, clarity of purpose, and potential personal gain. The design and implementation of the virtual creativity research environment are examined and used to research whether it is possible to improve the creativity of ad-hoc online teams. Qualitative analysis of twenty quasi-experimental groups with total 136 participants determined a statistically significant difference between groups with two selected environments, with an effect size over 2.5. While the ability to control individual environmental elements is within the ability of the research tool created in this study, a multivariate analysis of individual elements was outside the scope of this initial study, but is suggested for further research

Rekonstrukcija defekata skalpa i kalvarije

Defects of the scalp and calvaria most frequently occur as a result of invasive growth of intra- or extracranial malignant or benign tumors, or as a result of trauma. During a five-year period, from 2004 to 2008, 21 patients (12 men and 9 women) underwent reconstructive surgery for scalp and calvaria defects at the Department of Plastic Surgery, “Dubrava” University Hospital. The patients were divided into groups with regard to the etiology of the defect, size, depth, reconstruction technique, number of surgical procedures, complications and duration of hospitalization. Different local flaps were successfully used for reconstruction of small and medium-sized defects of the scalp and calvaria, while large defects were reconstructed using free microvascular flaps. Successful treatment of the scalp and calvaria defects depends on accurate indication and the choice of an appropriate reconstruction technique.Defekti skalpa i kalvarije najčešće su posljedica invazivnog rasta intra- ili ekstrakarnijalnih zloćudnih ili dobroćudnih tumora ili traume. Tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja, od 2004. do 2008. godine, u Klinici za plastičnu kirurgiju KB Dubrava 21 bolesnik (12 muškaraca i 9 žena, srednja dob - 61 godina) bio je podvrgnut rekonstrukcijskom kirurškom zahvatu zbog defekata sklapa i kalvarije. Bolesnici su podijeljeni u skupine s obzirom na etiologiju defekta, veličinu, dubinu, reksontrukcijski postupak, broj kirurških zahvata, komplikacije i trajanje hospitalizacije. Za male i srednje velike defekte skalpa i kalvarije uspješno su korišteni različiti lokalni režnjevi, a za velike defekte slobodni mikrovasularni režnjavi. Uspjeh zbrinjavanja ovih defekata skalpa i kalvarije ovisi o pravilnoj indikaciji i izboru adekvatne kirurške tehnike za rekonstrukciju