Implementation, importance and effects of filtration in commerce and industry

U ovom radu su date osnovne napomene o filtraciji vazduha pod pritiskom, obrađeni su neki aspekti filtracije vode i dok se zbog ograničenosti prostora neće baviti filtracijom hidrauličnih ulja. Dati su primeri implementacije novih filtracionih postupaka kao i njihove posledice naročito u stvaranju što boljeg skupa znanja korisnika tih filtracionih postupaka. Takođe, to podrazumeva inoviranje i modifikaciju edukacionog sistema u onim oblastima u kojima se filtracija pojavljuje kao jedan od tehnoloških postupaka. Značajno je i učešće ostalih učesnika u postupcima uvođenja filtracionih tehnologija, pre svega institucija koje se bave istraživanjem tih novih tehnologija, kao i samih proizvođača filtracione opreme. Obrađen je kvalitet vazduha pod pritiskom, ukazano na mogućnost eksperimentalne provere sposobnosti zadržavanja filterskih elemenata i date smernice razvoja i primene filtracije u privredi.This paper presents basic remarks about filtration of compressed air. Some aspects about filtration of water are pointed out while filtration of hydraulic oils is not mentioned because of limited exposure. The examples of implementation of filtration procedure as well as theirs effects are given with purpose to increase users knowledge about filtration procedure. Also, it implies innovation and modification of educational system in fields where filtration appears as one of the technology processes. Significant is participation of both, producers of filtration equipment as well as other participants in implementation of filtration technology procedures (primary the institutions which are engaged in researching these new technologies). The quality of compressed air is treated, the possibilities for experimental test of ability to locate filter elements are indicated and directions of development and appliance of filtration in commerce and industry are given

Implementation, importance and effects of filtration in commerce and industry

U ovom radu su date osnovne napomene o filtraciji vazduha pod pritiskom, obrađeni su neki aspekti filtracije vode i dok se zbog ograničenosti prostora neće baviti filtracijom hidrauličnih ulja. Dati su primeri implementacije novih filtracionih postupaka kao i njihove posledice naročito u stvaranju što boljeg skupa znanja korisnika tih filtracionih postupaka. Takođe, to podrazumeva inoviranje i modifikaciju edukacionog sistema u onim oblastima u kojima se filtracija pojavljuje kao jedan od tehnoloških postupaka. Značajno je i učešće ostalih učesnika u postupcima uvođenja filtracionih tehnologija, pre svega institucija koje se bave istraživanjem tih novih tehnologija, kao i samih proizvođača filtracione opreme. Obrađen je kvalitet vazduha pod pritiskom, ukazano na mogućnost eksperimentalne provere sposobnosti zadržavanja filterskih elemenata i date smernice razvoja i primene filtracije u privredi.This paper presents basic remarks about filtration of compressed air. Some aspects about filtration of water are pointed out while filtration of hydraulic oils is not mentioned because of limited exposure. The examples of implementation of filtration procedure as well as theirs effects are given with purpose to increase users knowledge about filtration procedure. Also, it implies innovation and modification of educational system in fields where filtration appears as one of the technology processes. Significant is participation of both, producers of filtration equipment as well as other participants in implementation of filtration technology procedures (primary the institutions which are engaged in researching these new technologies). The quality of compressed air is treated, the possibilities for experimental test of ability to locate filter elements are indicated and directions of development and appliance of filtration in commerce and industry are given

Influence of bucket wheel vertical vibration on bucket-wheel excavator (BWE) digging force

Ovaj rad daje postupak određivanja sile kopanja rotornog bagera uzimajući u obzir karakteristike kopanog materijala, reznu ivicu lopatice, brzinu rezanja i vertikalne vibracije radnog kotača (rotora). Sila kopanja ovisi o specifičnom otporu kopanju (SOK) i ukupnoj duljini reznih rubova lopatice koje su istovremeno u zahvatu s kopanim materijalom. SOK je uvjetovan karakteristikama kopanog materijala, brzine rezanja i slučajna je veličina, dok ukupna duljina reznih rubova lopatice ovisi o broju lopatica koje su istovremeno u zahvatu s kopanim materijalom i vertikalnim vibracijama radnog kotača. Funkcija promjene ukupne duljine reznih rubova lopatica u ovisnosti od vremena dobivena je na osnovu dinamičkog modela rotornog bagera u vertikalnoj ravni, uzimajući u obzir pomak središta radnog kotača.This paper provides a method of determining the BWE digging force considering the characteristics of soil which needs to be excavated, bucket cutting contour, cutting speed and vertical vibration of the bucket wheel. Digging force depends on the specific force resistance to excavation (SFRE) and the total length of buckets cutting contours that are simultaneously in mesh with the material. The SFRE is conditioned by the characteristics of material, cutting speed and it is random variable, while the total length of buckets cutting contours depends on the number of buckets that are simultaneously in mesh with the soil and vertical oscillations of the bucket wheel. Total length of buckets cutting contours time function is determined considering moving of bucket wheel center point, based on a dynamic model of BWE in the vertical plane

Čimbenici povezani s depresijom u bolesnika sa shizofrenijom

The aim of this study was to analyze risk factors present in schizophrenic patients with depressive symptomatology. The sample comprised of 76 respondents diagnosed with schizophrenia. In the study, we used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia. The prevalence of depression was estimated to be 30%. The mean scores on the negative subscale of the PANSS were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia and depression compared to control group (U=3.64, p=0.00), and so were those on the General Psychopathology Scale (U=4.91, p=0.00). Socio-demographic factors were identified as important factors (p<0.05). Personal and environmental factors such as loneliness, immediate social environment, social support and isolation were statistically significantly different between the groups (p<0.05). There was a correlation of poor compliance with psycho-pharmacotherapy, increased number of hospitalizations and shorter remission period with the severity of clinical presentation (p<0.05). Since the presence of these factors is associated with depression in schizophrenia, their early detection in clinical practice is vital to ensure timely prevention of the development of depressive symptomatology.Cilj ovoga rada bio je analizirati čimbenike rizika prisutne u shizofrenih bolesnika s depresivnom simptomatologijom. Uzorak se sastojao od 76 ispitanika s dijagnozom shizofrenije. U studiji smo koristili Ljestvicu za procjenu pozitivnog i negativnog sindroma kod shizofrenije (PANSS) i Kalgarijsku ljestvicu depresije. Procjenjuje se da je učestalost depresije 30%. Prosječni rezultati na negativnoj podljestvici PANSS-a bili su značajno veći u bolesnika sa shizofrenijom i depresijom u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom (U=3,64, p=0,00), kao i na općoj psihopatološkoj ljestvici (U=4,91, p=0,00). Socio-demografski čimbenici identificirani su kao važni čimbenici (p<0,05). Osobni i okolišni čimbenici, kao što su usamljenost, neposredna društvena okolina, socijalna potpora i izolacija statistički se značajno razlikuju među skupinama (p<0,05). Postoji korelacija između slabe usklađenosti s psihofarmakoterapijom, povećanog broja hospitalizacija, kao i kraćeg razdoblja remisije s težinom kliničke slike (p<0,05). Budući da je prisutnost ovih čimbenika povezana s depresijom u shizofreniji, njihovo rano otkrivanje u kliničkoj praksi je od vitalnog značenja za pravodobno sprječavanje razvoja depresivne simptomatologije

Fluid filtration and detrimental materials separation of aircraft

Osnovni cilj ovog rada je da pokaže koliku važnost u definisanju tehnološke i konstruktivne koncepcije vazduhoplova ima kvalitet korišćenog fluida odnosno da predoči važnost izbora filtera i filtracione opreme. Filteri i filtraciona oprema predstavljaju neophodne delove vazduhoplova a prevashodna uloga ovih sistema i filtracije uopšte je bezbednost putnika, životne sredine i pouzdanost i efikasnost vazduhoplova. Dobro izabrani filteri i filtracioni uređaji, dovoljan broj filtracionih koraka i efikasna filtracija na svakoj pozicija utiču na smanjivanje troškova eksploatacije, optimizaciju vazduhoplova kao i na postizanje vrhunskih performansi. Izbor filtera i filterskih sistema predstavlja jedan od bitnijih koraka u definisanju tehnološke i konstruktivne koncepcije vazduhoplova u kojima je kvalitet korišćenog fluida posebno važan. Jednom rečju, filtracioni sistemi kod vazduhoplova predstavljaju vitalne delove koji pored uloge da obezbede kvalitetnu, pouzdanu i efikasnu filtraciju korišćenih fluida štite ljude i okolinu. U radu su prikazani filterski sistemi karakteristični za helikoptere i njihove letove na posebnim, specifičnim režimima. Takođe je posebna pažnja data kabinskim filterima kod putničkih vazduhoplova. Konstatovano je da postoji potreba za dovoljno dobrom filtracijom kabinskog vazduha da bi se kontrolisala kontaminacija vazduha i putnicima i posadi obezbedila udobnost i osećaj zdrave sredine. Bez dobre filtracije kabinskog vazduha, rizik od infekcija je veoma visok. Na kraju rada su prikazani neki od testova koji se sprovode u cilju brže i efikasne kontrola filtera koji namenjenih vazduhoplovima.The main purpose of this work is to show the importance of used fluid quality in defining technological and constructive conception of aircraft, in other words to point out the importance of filter and filter equipment choice. Filters and filter equipment represent necessary parts of aircraft and primary role of these systems and filtration in general is passenger and the environment safety and reliability and efficiency of aircraft. The correct choice of filters and filter devices, the sufficient number of filtration steps and the efficient filtration on each position cause the reduction of exploitation costs, the aircraft optimization as well as the achieving first-rate performances. The choice of filter and filter systems represents one of the most important steps in defining technological and constructive conception of aircraft in which the quality of used fluid is especially relevant. Shortly, filter systems of aircraft represent vital parts which beside the role of providing qualitative, reliable and efficient filtration protect people and the environment. Filter systems that are characteristic for helicopters and their flights on particular and specific regimes are presented in the work. Special attention is also drawn to cabin filters in travel aircrafts. It is stated that it exists the need for sufficiently effective filtration of the cabin air in order to control the air contamination and provide comfort and feeling of healthy environment to both passengers and crew. Without the effective filtration of cabin air, the infection risk is very high. In the end of the work some of the tests that are being carried out in pursuance of more rapid and efficient control of aircraft filters are shown

Maintenance of the filtering systems

Jedan od najbitnijih koraka u definisanju tehnološke i konstruktivne koncepcije proizvodnih sistema u kojima je kvalitet korišćenog fluida veoma važan jeste izbor filtera i filtracionih uređaja. Filtracioni uređaji predstavljaju vitalne delove tehnološkog procesa a njihova je prevashodna uloga zaštita ljudi, životne sredine, proizvoda i procesa proizvodnje. Dobro izabrani filteri i filtracioni uređaji, dovoljan broj filtracionih koraka i efikasna filtracija na svakoj pozicija utiču na smanjivanje troškova proizvodnje, optimizaciju tehnološkog procesa kao i na postizanje vrhunskih performansi uređaja čiji su filteri sastavni delovi. Međutim greške u fluidnim sistemima nastale kao posledica kontaminacije ili neadekvatne filtracije znače gubitke u proizvodnji, više troškova održavanja i dodatne troškove prevremene zamene oštećenih delova. Zbog toga je potrebno izvršiti dobru optimiziciju tehnološkog procesa i pravilan izbor filtracione opreme. Ovaj aspekt postaje posebno bitan u slučajevima kada je u pitanju filtracija vode. Voda ima značajnu ulogu u održavanju filtracionih sistema. Termomehaničke karakteristike vode zavise od tehnološkog procesa u kome se koristi filtracioni uređaj, tako da raspon tih karakteristika može biti značajan imajući u vidu na umu da se primena kreće od farmaceutske industrije pa do rafinerija. Međutim, postoje određene zajedničke odrednice o kvalitetu i količini vode koja se koristi za održavanje filtracioni sistema. U ovom radu data je analiza nekih tipičnih primera definisanja filtracionih sistema, stepen zadržavanja, preporučenih kvaliteta vode, pare, hemikalije ili nekog drugog fluida koja se koristi. Takodje su dati primeri izbora filtracione opreme i to sa aspekta složenosti zahvata, potrebnih filtera, prateće opreme, kvalifikovanosti ljudstva i raspoloživosti resursa u svetu i u našem okruženju. Nakon izvršene analize izvedeni su i odgovarajući zaključci.One of the most important steps in definitions of technology and constructive conception manufacturing systems is choosing types of filter and filter systems in which quality of using fluid is significant. Filtering systems are basic parts of technology process, otherwise them role is in human protecting, environmental, products and manufacturing process. The right chooses of filter and filter systems, adequate number of filtering steps, effective filtration on itch step effect on decrease cost of manufacturing, optimism technology process as like as attain a prime performance of filtering systems. Errors in filtering systems which issue like effect of contamination or inadequacy filtration can give manufacturing reduction, more maintenance expenses and other expenses of parts replacement before expire date. Because of that there is necessary to make optimization of technology process and make the right chaise of filtering equipment. This aspect is especially important in cases where we talking about water filtering. Water have specially role in maintenance of filtering systems. Thermo mechanical characteristics of water depended of technology process in which that filtering system is used. Characteristics of filtering systems can be deferent depended do we use them in pharmaceutics industry or refinery. There is a collective point of quality and quantity of water which is used for maintenance of filtering systems. In this paper can find analysis of typical examples of define filtering systems, lateness grade, recommended of water quality, steam, chemical regencies or same other fluid which is used. Also there are examples of choosing of filtering equipment from aspect of complicated clutch, filter requirement, side equipment, human qualifications and human resorts. After analysis there are find adequate conclusions

Fluid filtration and detrimental materials separation of aircraft

Osnovni cilj ovog rada je da pokaže koliku važnost u definisanju tehnološke i konstruktivne koncepcije vazduhoplova ima kvalitet korišćenog fluida odnosno da predoči važnost izbora filtera i filtracione opreme. Filteri i filtraciona oprema predstavljaju neophodne delove vazduhoplova a prevashodna uloga ovih sistema i filtracije uopšte je bezbednost putnika, životne sredine i pouzdanost i efikasnost vazduhoplova. Dobro izabrani filteri i filtracioni uređaji, dovoljan broj filtracionih koraka i efikasna filtracija na svakoj pozicija utiču na smanjivanje troškova eksploatacije, optimizaciju vazduhoplova kao i na postizanje vrhunskih performansi. Izbor filtera i filterskih sistema predstavlja jedan od bitnijih koraka u definisanju tehnološke i konstruktivne koncepcije vazduhoplova u kojima je kvalitet korišćenog fluida posebno važan. Jednom rečju, filtracioni sistemi kod vazduhoplova predstavljaju vitalne delove koji pored uloge da obezbede kvalitetnu, pouzdanu i efikasnu filtraciju korišćenih fluida štite ljude i okolinu. U radu su prikazani filterski sistemi karakteristični za helikoptere i njihove letove na posebnim, specifičnim režimima. Takođe je posebna pažnja data kabinskim filterima kod putničkih vazduhoplova. Konstatovano je da postoji potreba za dovoljno dobrom filtracijom kabinskog vazduha da bi se kontrolisala kontaminacija vazduha i putnicima i posadi obezbedila udobnost i osećaj zdrave sredine. Bez dobre filtracije kabinskog vazduha, rizik od infekcija je veoma visok. Na kraju rada su prikazani neki od testova koji se sprovode u cilju brže i efikasne kontrola filtera koji namenjenih vazduhoplovima.The main purpose of this work is to show the importance of used fluid quality in defining technological and constructive conception of aircraft, in other words to point out the importance of filter and filter equipment choice. Filters and filter equipment represent necessary parts of aircraft and primary role of these systems and filtration in general is passenger and the environment safety and reliability and efficiency of aircraft. The correct choice of filters and filter devices, the sufficient number of filtration steps and the efficient filtration on each position cause the reduction of exploitation costs, the aircraft optimization as well as the achieving first-rate performances. The choice of filter and filter systems represents one of the most important steps in defining technological and constructive conception of aircraft in which the quality of used fluid is especially relevant. Shortly, filter systems of aircraft represent vital parts which beside the role of providing qualitative, reliable and efficient filtration protect people and the environment. Filter systems that are characteristic for helicopters and their flights on particular and specific regimes are presented in the work. Special attention is also drawn to cabin filters in travel aircrafts. It is stated that it exists the need for sufficiently effective filtration of the cabin air in order to control the air contamination and provide comfort and feeling of healthy environment to both passengers and crew. Without the effective filtration of cabin air, the infection risk is very high. In the end of the work some of the tests that are being carried out in pursuance of more rapid and efficient control of aircraft filters are shown

Maintenance of the filtering systems

Jedan od najbitnijih koraka u definisanju tehnološke i konstruktivne koncepcije proizvodnih sistema u kojima je kvalitet korišćenog fluida veoma važan jeste izbor filtera i filtracionih uređaja. Filtracioni uređaji predstavljaju vitalne delove tehnološkog procesa a njihova je prevashodna uloga zaštita ljudi, životne sredine, proizvoda i procesa proizvodnje. Dobro izabrani filteri i filtracioni uređaji, dovoljan broj filtracionih koraka i efikasna filtracija na svakoj pozicija utiču na smanjivanje troškova proizvodnje, optimizaciju tehnološkog procesa kao i na postizanje vrhunskih performansi uređaja čiji su filteri sastavni delovi. Međutim greške u fluidnim sistemima nastale kao posledica kontaminacije ili neadekvatne filtracije znače gubitke u proizvodnji, više troškova održavanja i dodatne troškove prevremene zamene oštećenih delova. Zbog toga je potrebno izvršiti dobru optimiziciju tehnološkog procesa i pravilan izbor filtracione opreme. Ovaj aspekt postaje posebno bitan u slučajevima kada je u pitanju filtracija vode. Voda ima značajnu ulogu u održavanju filtracionih sistema. Termomehaničke karakteristike vode zavise od tehnološkog procesa u kome se koristi filtracioni uređaj, tako da raspon tih karakteristika može biti značajan imajući u vidu na umu da se primena kreće od farmaceutske industrije pa do rafinerija. Međutim, postoje određene zajedničke odrednice o kvalitetu i količini vode koja se koristi za održavanje filtracioni sistema. U ovom radu data je analiza nekih tipičnih primera definisanja filtracionih sistema, stepen zadržavanja, preporučenih kvaliteta vode, pare, hemikalije ili nekog drugog fluida koja se koristi. Takodje su dati primeri izbora filtracione opreme i to sa aspekta složenosti zahvata, potrebnih filtera, prateće opreme, kvalifikovanosti ljudstva i raspoloživosti resursa u svetu i u našem okruženju. Nakon izvršene analize izvedeni su i odgovarajući zaključci.One of the most important steps in definitions of technology and constructive conception manufacturing systems is choosing types of filter and filter systems in which quality of using fluid is significant. Filtering systems are basic parts of technology process, otherwise them role is in human protecting, environmental, products and manufacturing process. The right chooses of filter and filter systems, adequate number of filtering steps, effective filtration on itch step effect on decrease cost of manufacturing, optimism technology process as like as attain a prime performance of filtering systems. Errors in filtering systems which issue like effect of contamination or inadequacy filtration can give manufacturing reduction, more maintenance expenses and other expenses of parts replacement before expire date. Because of that there is necessary to make optimization of technology process and make the right chaise of filtering equipment. This aspect is especially important in cases where we talking about water filtering. Water have specially role in maintenance of filtering systems. Thermo mechanical characteristics of water depended of technology process in which that filtering system is used. Characteristics of filtering systems can be deferent depended do we use them in pharmaceutics industry or refinery. There is a collective point of quality and quantity of water which is used for maintenance of filtering systems. In this paper can find analysis of typical examples of define filtering systems, lateness grade, recommended of water quality, steam, chemical regencies or same other fluid which is used. Also there are examples of choosing of filtering equipment from aspect of complicated clutch, filter requirement, side equipment, human qualifications and human resorts. After analysis there are find adequate conclusions

Evaluation of heating efficiency and thermal comfort in special purpose vehicle cabins

The paper presents the integrated application of two methods during testing HVAC system efficiency in the cabins of HUMMER.1151A1 and OAR 1RL-128D offroad vehicles. Spatial measurements of change in air temperature per time have been performed at three vertical levels (head, knees, and feet) of the driver and passengers, which totals to 15 measuring points per vehicle. The main goal of testing was to evaluate accurately the efficiency of heating and cooling in relation time interval required to attain a designed temperature of comfort in the vehicle cabin, on condition that the difference in ambient temperature levels does not exceed 10 degrees C. With a view to more efficient evaluation of thermal comfort in vehicle cabins, the testing was performed also of predicted mean vote and predicted percentage of dissatisfied indices. Standard thermal comfort surveys ask subjects about their thermal sensation on a seven-point scale from cold (-3) to hot (+3). This research is carried out according to the methods based on ISO 7730, ASHRAE 55, and SORS 8419 standards