Parity of Calving Influences the Likelihood of Calves Having Cryptosporidium spp.

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Alīna Zolova et al.The effect of colostrum on calves’ health status was intensively studied, while the role of transition milk was left underestimated. The common practice is to feed calves with an adequate amount of colostrum immediately after calving and soon after feeding calves are weaned from dams. In this research, calves were not weaned from dams for at least 2 weeks receiving both colostrum and transition milk on demand. Thus, we have recreated natural feeding conditions for calves’ development. We used a stratified sample method to test whether the size of the dairy cattle farms, breed, parity number, season of calving, and length of the dry period affect the likelihood of calves’ infection with Cryptosporidium spp. considering these factors influence both colostrum and transition milk quality. The main results showed that 26.1% of calves were positive for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. The presence of clinical signs of diarrhea was recorded in 15% of the positive animals. Regression analysis showed that multiparous cows decrease the chance of calves to have Cryptosporidium spp. by 82%–89%, while cows calved on small farms decrease the chance of calves to have Cryptosporidium spp. by 80%. We suggest that primiparous cows are spending inner resources primarily on their maturation, thereby leaving the prerequisites for the infection of their offspring, while intense farming just increases the chance of unprotected calves to obtain infections.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Prevalence of susceptibility to Cryptosporidium spp. among dairy calves with different feeding regimens with an emphasis on the feeding of transition milk

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Veterinary World. All rights reserved.Background and Aim: Colostrum composition and importance for newborn organisms were repeatedly studied. However, the interest in transitional milk usefulness is weak and recommendations concerning transition milk intake are not developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether transition milk intake after colostrum consumption affects the chances of calf infection with Cryptosporidium spp. Materials and Methods: We collected data for Cryptosporidium spp. infection from calves (n=425) divided into three groups: The first group – supervised colostrum and transition milk intake; the second group – supervised colostrum and whole milk intake; and the third group – not supervised colostrum and whole milk intake. To detect oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in feces, the flotation method was used, and slides were stained using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method. Generalized linear mixed modeling was conducted to determine whether the explanatory variable – the management of colostrum and transition milk feeding with three categories (three research groups) – was related to the probability of calves incurring infection with Cryptosporidium spp. Results: In the first group, 26.1% of calves were positive for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, in the second – 37.2%, and in the third – 44.1%. Statistical data analysis showed that calves who did not receive transition milk after colostrum consumption had increased chances of having Cryptosporidium spp. (by 1.90-2.47 times on average). The main results showed that the management of colostrum and transition milk feeding is related to Cryptosporidium spp. infection, indicating that both colostrum and transitional milk play a significant role in controlling pathogenic infections. Conclusion: The most effective management of colostrum and transition milk feeding against Cryptosporidium spp. infection is the timely intake of an adequate amount of colostrum followed by transitional milk consumption for at least 2 weeks before weaning from the dam.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Certain reactions of 2,2,2-trialkoxy-Δ4-oxaphospholenes

1. β-(Dimethylphosphono)propionaldehyde was obtained by hydrolysis of 2,2,2-trimethoxy-Δ4-oxaphospholene. 2. Upon reaction of 2,2,2-trimethoxy-Δ4-oxaphospholene with acetic acid and acetic anhydride, opening of the phosphorane ring occurs of the P-O bond with for mation of β-(dimethylphosphono)propionaldehyde and its enol acetate, respectively. © 1969 Consultants Bureau

The effect of reflection in derivatives of tetramethyltetrahydrothiopyran-4-one

1. The conformation of 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl- and tetrahydrothiopyran-4-ones, their 1-oxides and 1,1, -dioxides was investigated by the method of dipole moments, as well as by the method of energy consideration. 2. All these compounds have a chair conformation. The introduction of gem-dimethyl groups into the 3-position with respect to the C=O group in the tetrahydrothiopyran-4-one ring produces a negligible deformation of the chair conformation (the effect of reflection). © 1970 Consultants Bureau

YY1 negatively regulates mouse myelin proteolipid protein (Plp1) gene expression in oligodendroglial cells

YY1 (Yin and Yang 1) is a multifunctional, ubiquitously expressed, zinc finger protein that can act as a transcriptional activator, repressor, or initiator element binding protein. Previous studies have shown that YY1 modulates the activity of reporter genes driven by the myelin PLP (proteolipid protein) (PLP1/Plp1) promoter. However, it is known that Plp1 intron 1 DNA contains regulatory elements that are required for the dramatic increase in gene activity, coincident with the active myelination period of CNS (central nervous system) development. The intron in mouse contains multiple prospective YY1 target sites including one within a positive regulatory module called the ASE (anti-silencer/enhancer) element. Results presented here demonstrate that YY1 has a negative effect on the activity of a Plp1-lacZ fusion gene [PLP(+)Z] in an immature oligodendroglial cell line (Oli-neu) that is mediated through sequences present in Plp1 intron 1 DNA. Yet YY1 does not bind to its alleged site in the ASE (even though the protein is capable of recognizing a target site in the promoter), indicating that the down-regulation of PLP(+)Z activity by YY1 in Oli-neu cells does not occur through a direct interaction of YY1 with the ASE sequence. Previous studies with Yy1 conditional knockout mice have demonstrated that YY1 is essential for the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors. Nevertheless, the current study suggests that YY1 functions as a repressor (not an activator) of Plp1 gene expression in immature oligodendrocytes. Perhaps YY1 functions to keep the levels of PLP in check in immature cells before vast quantities of the protein are needed in mature myelinating oligodendrocytes

Crystallographic Evidence of Drastic Conformational Changes in the Active Site of a Flavin-Dependent

The soil actinomycete Kutzneria sp. 744 produces a class of highly decorated hexadepsipeptides, which represent a new chemical scaffold that has both antimicrobial and antifungal properties. These natural products, known as kutznerides, are created via nonribosomal peptide synthesis using various derivatized amino acids. The piperazic acid moiety contained in the kutzneride scaffold, which is vital for its antibiotic activity, has been shown to derive from the hydroxylated product of l-ornithine, l-N5-hydroxyornithine. The production of this hydroxylated species is catalyzed by the action of an FAD- and NAD(P)H-dependent N-hydroxylase known as KtzI. We have been able to structurally characterize KtzI in several states along its catalytic trajectory, and by pairing these snapshots with the biochemical and structural data already available for this enzyme class, we propose a structurally based reaction mechanism that includes novel conformational changes of both the protein backbone and the flavin cofactor. Further, we were able to recapitulate these conformational changes in the protein crystal, displaying their chemical competence. Our series of structures, with corroborating biochemical and spectroscopic data collected by us and others, affords mechanistic insight into this relatively new class of flavin-dependent hydroxylases and adds another layer to the complexity of flavoenzymes.National Center for Research Resources (U.S.) (P41RR012408)National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U.S.) (P41GM103473

Certain reactions of 2,2,2-trialkoxy-Δ4-oxaphospholenes

1. β-(Dimethylphosphono)propionaldehyde was obtained by hydrolysis of 2,2,2-trimethoxy-Δ4-oxaphospholene. 2. Upon reaction of 2,2,2-trimethoxy-Δ4-oxaphospholene with acetic acid and acetic anhydride, opening of the phosphorane ring occurs of the P-O bond with for mation of β-(dimethylphosphono)propionaldehyde and its enol acetate, respectively. © 1969 Consultants Bureau

Certain reactions of 2,2,2-trialkoxy-Δ4-oxaphospholenes

1. β-(Dimethylphosphono)propionaldehyde was obtained by hydrolysis of 2,2,2-trimethoxy-Δ4-oxaphospholene. 2. Upon reaction of 2,2,2-trimethoxy-Δ4-oxaphospholene with acetic acid and acetic anhydride, opening of the phosphorane ring occurs of the P-O bond with for mation of β-(dimethylphosphono)propionaldehyde and its enol acetate, respectively. © 1969 Consultants Bureau

Certain reactions of 2,2,2-trialkoxy-Δ4-oxaphospholenes

1. β-(Dimethylphosphono)propionaldehyde was obtained by hydrolysis of 2,2,2-trimethoxy-Δ4-oxaphospholene. 2. Upon reaction of 2,2,2-trimethoxy-Δ4-oxaphospholene with acetic acid and acetic anhydride, opening of the phosphorane ring occurs of the P-O bond with for mation of β-(dimethylphosphono)propionaldehyde and its enol acetate, respectively. © 1969 Consultants Bureau