Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-Based for Slope Mapping and the Determination of Potential Slope Hazard

This paper discusses the applications of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for geological mapping and the determination of cross-section of certain selected area. With the development of modern technology, the utilization of UAV to gather data for geological mapping can be considered as finest method as it is quick, reliable, precise, cost-effective and also easily to operate. High imagery quality is essential for the effectiveness and nature of normal mapping output such as Digital Surface Model (DSM) and also Ortho Images. The utilization of UAV to capture aerial photo helps to gather information from a normal area to an area which almost impossible to reach. With the data obtained by the UAV, it will later be processed in established software and the analysis of slope profile of certain selected study area will be done. From these analyses, the potential slope hazards which based on slope angles will be determined and considered as another interest of this study

The Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) For Slope Mapping at Gambang Damai Residents, Pahang: A Case Study

This paper highlights the work of slopemapping utilizing the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with its perimeter, area, and volume of particular regions chosen at Gambang Damai Residents in Kuantan Pahang. The location selected was choose because of its proximity to the study area. Slope mapping has traditionally been time-consuming and challenging, especially in hilly areas. This research also aimed to identify potential slope hazards based on slope angle. The accuracy and nature of typical mapping outputs, such as the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Orthophoto, depend on high-quality photos that modern UAVs can only capture. These photographs taken by the UAV will be transferred to Agisoft software to generatea complete map of the study area. With the help of Global Mapper, it's easy to measure elements such as the perimeter, area, and volume of selected study areas, which is the main point of this research. The results of the two slopes (slope A and slope B) show that slope B produces a massive volume of 1469.7 m3, whilst slope A generates just 1382.9 m3. Slope A has an enclosed area of 1634.3 m2, which is more significant than slope B's enclosed area of 766.86 m2.Additionally, slope A's perimeter is 162.28 m, more extensive than slope B's 159.45 m. Another result of this research is that researchers and engineers may evaluate potential slope hazards using a contemporary mapping approach by determining their particular slope angles. According to the findings, slope A has an angle of 47.35⁰, while slope B has an angle of 54.75⁰. Both slopes considered to be very steep. In conclusion, using current technology, such as UAVs, is quite beneficial when mapping in geotechnical engineering. Researchers and engineers can gather slope measurements more quickly than with previous traditional approaches by adopting multi-rotor UAV slope mapping

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-Based for Slope Mapping and the Determination of Potential Slope Hazard

This paper discusses the applications of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for slope mapping and the determination of potential slope hazard of three selected areas. With the development of modern technology, the utilization of UAV to gather data for slope mapping can be considered as finest method as it is quick, reliable, precise, cost-effective and also easily to operate. High imagery quality is essential for the effectiveness and nature of normal mapping output such as Digital Surface Model (DSM) and also Ortho Images. The utilization of UAV to capture aerial photo helps to gather information from a normal area to an area which almost impossible to reach. With the data obtained by the UAV, it will later process in established software and the analysis of slope profile of certain selected study areas will be done. Mapping using UAV was within the area of Pahang Matriculation College. Three slope area namely as Area 1, Area 2 and Area 3 are marked. Further analyses are conducted in these three areas to obtain the information of potential slope hazard based on slope angles. For Area 1, the slope is marked at the coordinate of (286136.265, 412066.821) to (286265.423, 411783.038). The slope angle between the two vertexes was 46.18° and considered as very steep slope. For Area 2, the slope is marked at the coordinate of (286054.203, 412021.343) to (285963.651, 411913.543). The slope angle between the two vertexes was 77.66° and considered as very steep slope. The slope at Area 3 is marked at the coordinate of (285847.833, 411775.762) to (285887.450, 411251.046). The slope angle between the two vertexes was 47.43° and considered as very steep slope. In conclusion, the use of UAV in geotechnical engineering proven to be very useful for slope mapping and determination of slope hazard based on slope angle

The effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for digital slope mapping

This paper discusses the applications of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for slope mapping and its important parameters including perimeter, area and volume of certain selected areas. Modern UAV able to take high quality image which essential for the effectiveness and nature of normal mapping output such as Digital Surface Model (DSM) and Digital Orthophoto. This photo captured by UAV will later transfer to commercial software to generate full map of study area. Three locations in Kuantan Pahang are chosen (Sungai Lembing, Politeknik Sultan Ahmad Shah ‘POLISAS’ and Pahang Matriculation College) for slope mapping. With the help of established software, the measurement (perimeter, area and volume) of selected study areas can be determined easily and considered as the main interest in this study. In addition, another outcome of this study is, this modern method of mapping will be compare to traditional method of mapping which proven to be more effective in term of low costing, low time consuming, can gather huge amount of data within short period of time, low man power needed and almost no potential risk of hazardous effect to man. In conclusion, modern technology of UAV proves to be very effective for mapping in geotechnical engineering. Slope mapping help researchers and engineers to obtain slope measurement within short period of time compare to previous traditional method

Rainfall induced residual soil slope instability: building cracked and slope failure

Rainfall is one of the factors of slope failures due to the intensity of rainfall that will seep and increase the moisture content of geo-materials. One of the important role in slope stability is matric suction. This study present the relationship between rainfall and suction of soil which induced the slope instability and the slope stability analysis involving a building which may cause by instability due to suction variation. The slope had separated into three parts which are top of slope, middle of slope and toe of slope. Every part has been inserted with three tensiometer with 0.3 m, 0.45 m and 0.9 m depth. Suction of soil on slope was carried out by using tensiometer. Intensity of rainfall was collected by using rain gauge which placed at open area which to compare with matric suction of soil. Several site and laboratory tests were carried out to identify the soil properties. Stability of slope was analyzed using Slope/w and Manual Calculation via input parameters collected from laboratory test and field test. Fellenius’ method was used to interpret the factor of safety for slope study. This includes the analysis of the factor of safety of slices at the selected area with its matric suction value. It was found that when the rainfall increased, the suction of soil decreased and affected to decrease of factor of safety. Hence, the constructed slope was suggested to be redesign to improve its safety factor

Exploration of secondary deposit to determine manganese ore body

Manganese ore is one of the most critical mineral commodities and irreplaceable in steelmaking. With the high demand for manganese ore, exploration to find manganese ore deposits is essential before large investments in mine development. The purpose of this study is to determine the content of secondary manganese through exploration in Ladang Sungai Terah Gua Musang with an area of 40.5 hectares. The area is located near the Permian -dominated zone which can be observed during plutonic igneous granites in the southwest and in the presence of phyllite, slate and shale with subordinate sandstone and schist. The significant secondary mineral found is manganese oxide or pyrolusite. The exploration method is by excavating the trial pit (TP) and bore hole (BH) drilling. The location of TP and BH are determined from anomalies data and outcrop and boulders presence at site. Results that obtained from the thirteen TP sampling showed that the deepest TPs are excavated at 4.0 meter depth and the shallowest depth was at 3.6 meter depth. The thickest manganese ore was at 0.4 meter for TP 06. The highest-grade manganese was 54.3% at 3.8 meter depth of TP 01 located at north-west from BH1. The BH soil which obtained at 12.0 meter depth with silt clay and the presence of sand gravel. The BH soil was taken and homogenised prior testing in order to get representative result. The XRF analysis shown that the manganese ore was found at 55.90 % and second highest mineral was silica oxide which was 21.74 % followed by aluminium at 14.32 %. The calculation of manganese ore reserves was estimated at 157,545 tonnes of which the lifespan of manganese mining operations was estimated at only 10.375 months. Even the quality was high but it still not reaching the ore body It can be concluded that this area is not economical for commercial production of manganese ore and by pursuing this area will surely contribute to business risks, negatively impacting on potential profitability. Mining revenue calculated from estimated ore reserved in this area is not expected to cover costs such as the exploration working capital, property acquisition costs, mine development costs including development drilling and infrastructure development such as roads, utilities, plant and equipment costs which include mining equipment, mill and processing equipment and building, structure and many more

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for Slope Mapping at Perumahan Gambang Damai, Pahang: A Case Study

This paper discusses the applications of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for slope mapping and its important parameters including perimeter, area and volume of certain selected areas at Perumahan Taman Gambang Damai in Kuantan Pahang. Previous work of slope mapping using traditional survey equipment considered as time consuming and very challenging especially in hilly regions. This study also focused on determining the potential slope hazard based on slope angle. Modern UAV able to take high quality image which essential for the effectiveness and nature of normal mapping output such as Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Orthophoto. These photos captured by the UAV will later exported to Agisoft to generate full map of study area. With the help of Global Mapper, the measurement such as perimeter, area and volume of selected study areas can be determined easily and considered as the main interest in this study. Based on the results of the two slopes (slope A and slope B), slope B give a bigger volume which is 1469.7 m3 compare to slope A which is 1382.9 m3. The enclosed area for slope A is 1634.3 m2 which is bigger compare to slope B which is 766.86 m2. Besides, the perimeter of slope A is 162.28 m which is bigger compare to slope B which is 159.45 m. In addition, another outcome of this study is, this modern method of mapping helps researchers and engineers to study the possibility of slope hazard based on their respective slope angle. From the results, the angle for slope A is 47.35. while the angle for slope B is 54.75. . Both of the slopes considered as very steep slope. In conclusion, modern technology of UAV proves to be very effective for mapping in geotechnical engineering. Slope mapping using multi-rotor UAV help researchers and engineers to obtain slope measurement within short period of time compare to previous traditional method

The implementation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for slope mapping

This paper discusses the applications of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for slope mapping and its important parameters including perimeter, area and volume of certain selected areas at Perumahan Taman Gambang Damai in Kuantan Pahang. This study also focused on determining the potential slope hazard based on slope angle. Modern UAV able to take high quality image which essential for the effectiveness and nature of normal mapping output such as Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Orthophoto. This photo captured by the UAV will later transfer to Agisoft to generate full map of study area. With the help of Global Mapper, the measurement (perimeter, area and volume) of selected study areas can be determined easily and considered as the main interest in this study. In addition, another outcome of this study is, this modern method of mapping helps researchers and engineers to study the possibility of slope hazard based on their respective slope angle (according to slope classes). In conclusion, modern technology of UAV proves to be very effective for mapping in geotechnical engineering. Slope mapping help researchers and engineers to obtain slope measurement within short period of time compare to previous traditional method

Interrelationship between borehole lithology and electrical resistivity for geotechnical site investigation

In the modern era of geophysics, Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is an important tool to be use for early prediction of subsurface mapping. ERT act to inject electric current to the ground to study the chargeability or the resistivity value of a material. Engineers, geologist and researchers can apply ERT for their subsurface investigation since ERT proves to be very efficient and effective for subsurface mapping in term of cost, time and data coverage. 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography survey was performed in Kuala Krau, Temerloh, Pahang to assist geotechnical site investigation. There are two available boreholes (BH 1 and BH 2) lithological data which can be correlated directly with the resistivity profile. One of the boreholes report hard rock layer at 9 m depth overlain by silt and clay. This hard layer was represented by resistivity value higher than 600 Ω m and 10–70 Ωm low resistivity layer overlain the hard layer. The low resistivity layer is associated with saturated silt and clay. Another borehole shows the existence of weathered sandstone at depth 11 m–17 m also overlain by silt and clay. Resistivity profile show the weathered region from the said borehole contacted edge side of sandstone boulder which also represented by higher than 600 Ω m resistivity value. 3D voxel was also generated from inversed resistivity value. The 3D voxel has successfully shown the lateral distribution of the geotechnical target. In conclusion, from this study, it is proven that results from ERT can be verified with the results from borehole lithology since the results obtained were almost accurate

Analysis of slope stability on tropical residual soil

Tropical residual soil is a product of chemical weathering, thus its characteristics are dependent upon environmental factors such as parent rocks, climate, topography and age. This type of soil can be found in many countries all over the world, especially in the tropical region. Since there are many accident happens due to slope failure, a comprehensive laboratory study need to be conducted in order to determine the properties of soil located at Pahang Matriculation College. Several experiments involving physical index and engineering properties of soil are conducted. The typical tropical residual properties are showed and can be considered as sandy SILT of high plasticity as suggested by previous researchers. The result from CIU testing give 9 kPa of cohesion and 25⁰ of friction angle while unsaturated friction angle was assumed 21⁰. From the slope analysis at Pahang Matriculation College, for a saturated slope (0 kPa suction), the FOS value using Fellenius’s method is 1.199 while Bishop’s method give 1.262 which the difference is 5.25 %. For an unsaturated slope (20 kPa suction), the FOS using using Fellenius’s method is 1.492 while Bishop’s method give 1.550 which the difference is 3.89 %. The results concluded that FOS value of slope is always higher if calculated using Bishop’s method compare to Fellenius’s method