The Effect of Teaching Critical and Creative Thinking Skills on the Locus of Control and Psychological Well-being in Adolescents

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect of teaching critical and creative thinking skills on the locus of control and psychological well-being in high school students. In an experimental study 40 students that were selected using random multilayer sampling, were divided into test and control groups. On pre-test stage, they responded to locus of control questionnaire of Rotter (1966), and Ryff scale of psychological well-being (1989). The tests were organized in group form. In later stages of research, the test group through 10 educational sessions (20hours) was taught thinking skills (creative and critical) and it is noteworthy that no education was given to a control group. Upon completion of educational sessions, in post- test stage, both test and control groups were tested with California critical thinking skills test B (1990), Abedi creativity inventory (1996) and questionnaires of pre-test. Statistical method of independent t-test showed significant increase in creative thinking and critical thinking in post-test of the experimental group. Furthermore, Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed a significant increase in internal locus of control and psychological well-being (p < 0.05)

Effect of peppermint water on prevention of nipple cracks in lactating primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Nipple pain and damage in breastfeeding mothers are common causes of premature breastfeeding cessation. Peppermint water is popularly used for the prevention of nipple cracks in the North West of Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of peppermint water in the prevention of nipple cracks during breastfeeding in comparison with the application of expressed breast milk (EBM). METHODS: One hundred and ninety-six primiparous breastfeeding women who gave birth between February and May 2005 in a teaching hospital in Tabriz, Iran, were randomized to receive either peppermint water or EBM. Each woman was followed for up to three visits or telephone calls within 14 days and then by telephone call at week six postpartum. RESULTS: Women who were randomized to receive peppermint water were less likely to experience nipple and areola cracks (9%) compared to women using EBM (27%; p < 0.01). Women who used the peppermint water on a daily basis were less likely to have a cracked nipple than women who did not use peppermint water (relative risk 3.6, 95%CI: 2.9, 4.3). Nipple pain in the peppermint water group was lower than the expressed breast milk group (OR 5.6, 95% CI: 2.2, 14.6; p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that peppermint water is effective in the prevention of nipple pain and damage. Further studies are needed to assess the usefulness of peppermint water in conjunction with correct breastfeeding techniques. Trial registration number: NCT0045640

Computational investigation of the solvent and temperature effects on the tautomerization of 7-amino-1,3-dioxo-2,5-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H, 5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazole-6-carbonitrile

617-622This research examines the effects of solvent polarity and temperature on the tautomerization of 7-amino-1,3-dioxo-2, 5-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazole-6-carbonitrile at CAM-B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) level of theory. The selected solvents are n-hexane, diethyl ether, pyridine, ethanol, methanol, and water. The solvent effects have been examined by the self-consistent reaction field theory (SCRF) based on conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM). The solvent effects have been explored on the energy barrier, frontier orbitals energies, and HOMO-LUMO gap. Dependencies of thermodynamic parameters (G andH) on the dielectric constants of solvents have also been tested. Specifically, the temperature dependencies of the thermodynamics parameters have been studied within 100-1000 K range. The rate constant of the tautomerism reaction is computed from 300 to 1200 K, in the gas phase

Computational investigation of the solvent and temperature effects on the tautomerization of 7-amino-1,3-dioxo-2,5-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H, 5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazole-6-carbonitrile

This research examines the effects of solvent polarity and temperature on the tautomerization of 7-amino-1,3-dioxo-2, 5-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazole-6-carbonitrile at CAM-B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) level of theory. The selected solvents are n-hexane, diethyl ether, pyridine, ethanol, methanol, and water. The solvent effects have been examined by the self-consistent reaction field theory (SCRF) based on conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM). The solvent effects have been explored on the energy barrier, frontier orbitals energies, and HOMO-LUMO gap. Dependencies of thermodynamic parameters (DG andDH) on the dielectric constants of solvents have also been tested. Specifically, the temperature dependencies of the thermodynamics parameters have been studied within 100-1000 K range. The rate constant of the tautomerism reaction is computed from 300 to 1200 K, in the gas phase

Effect of peppermint water on prevention of nipple cracks in lactating primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background Nipple pain and damage in breastfeeding mothers are common causes of premature breastfeeding cessation. Peppermint water is popularly used for the prevention of nipple cracks in the North West of Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of peppermint water in the prevention of nipple cracks during breastfeeding in comparison with the application of expressed breast milk (EBM). Methods One hundred and ninety-six primiparous breastfeeding women who gave birth between February and May 2005 in a teaching hospital in Tabriz, Iran, were randomized to receive either peppermint water or EBM. Each woman was followed for up to three visits or telephone calls within 14 days and then by telephone call at week six postpartum. Results Women who were randomized to receive peppermint water were less likely to experience nipple and areola cracks (9%) compared to women using EBM (27%; p Conclusion This study suggests that peppermint water is effective in the prevention of nipple pain and damage. Further studies are needed to assess the usefulness of peppermint water in conjunction with correct breastfeeding techniques. Trial registration number: NCT00456404</p