Study of distribution of elderly population in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari Province from 1966 to 2011

Background and aims: Nowadays, the age structure of Iran is transitioning from youth to elderly. Although, the elderly population are still accounted for a small portion of the population; however, the population growth rate of this age group is growing compared to the growth of the total population. Therefore, understanding of the changes of this population is necessary. This study aimed to identify the distribution of population aged 60 years and more, in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province from 1966 to 2011. Methods: The data obtained from the national censuses from 1966 to 2011 as well as the national Statistical Center and Governor’s Office of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Due to incomplete data of 1956, these data were excluded. Results: In 1966, 6.34 of the national total population was over 60 years compared to 6.27 in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. In 2011, 7.68 of population in this province was over 60 years in comparison with 8.21 reported for the total population of Iran. Conclusion: Due to rapid growth of the elderly population in the country as well as Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, considering the needs of this age group is an important necessity

The Incidence Rate of Gestational Diabetes and Relevant Factors on Pregnant Women in the City of Shahroud in 2014

Background: The pregnant women suffering from gestational diabetes seem to face higher risks of pregnancy complications in spite of improvements in pregnancy outcomes during recent years. This study designed to define the incidence rate of gestational diabetes associated with its risk factors.Methods: This was a longitudinal study, in which, we studied the pregnant women referred to 11 different urban health care centers in the city of Shahrud (Northeast of Iran) since April to September of 2014. Out of 1300 women with available medical care records, we studied 1098 pregnant women in the mentioned timespan. According to the results of fasting blood sugar (FBS) test, 7 mothers were diagnosed with diabetes at the beginning of the study. Using 75gr glucose, we conducted a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for all non-diabetic pregnant women (normal and pre-diabetic ones-1091 subjects) between the weeks 24 and 28 to screen the presence of gestational diabetes. The diagnosis of gestational diabetes was considered definite if one of the following criteria was met: Fasting blood sugar ≥92 mg/dl, 1-hour glucose ≥180 mg/dl or 2-hours glucose ≥153 mg/dl. We used the Log-binomial regression model to estimate the rate of diabetes incidence based on risk factors.Results: The mean age of subjects was equal to 28.0 (SD=5.1) years. The rate of gestational diabetes occurrence was 7.8% (95% CI: 6.3-9.6 (Cases=85 pregnant women). In case of subject over 35 (RR=2.9), the factors of positive family history of diabetes (RR=1.8) and pre-diabetic condition (RR=1.6) increased the risk of gestational diabetes. The factors of BMI, smoking, education, and the pregnancy frequency were not considered in the model.Conclusions: The incidence rate of diabetes in our population was higher compared to previous studies. However, due to variations made in the gestational diabetes screening guidelines, more studies are needed to do comparative research

The Incidence Rate of Gestational Diabetes and Relevant Factors on Pregnant Women in the City of Shahroud in 2014

Background: The pregnant women suffering from gestational diabetes seem to face higher risks of pregnancy complications in spite of improvements in pregnancy outcomes during recent years. This study designed to define the incidence rate of gestational diabetes associated with its risk factors.Methods: This was a longitudinal study, in which, we studied the pregnant women referred to 11 different urban health care centers in the city of Shahrud (Northeast of Iran) since April to September of 2014. Out of 1300 women with available medical care records, we studied 1098 pregnant women in the mentioned timespan. According to the results of fasting blood sugar (FBS) test, 7 mothers were diagnosed with diabetes at the beginning of the study. Using 75gr glucose, we conducted a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for all non-diabetic pregnant women (normal and pre-diabetic ones-1091 subjects) between the weeks 24 and 28 to screen the presence of gestational diabetes. The diagnosis of gestational diabetes was considered definite if one of the following criteria was met: Fasting blood sugar ≥92 mg/dl, 1-hour glucose ≥180 mg/dl or 2-hours glucose ≥153 mg/dl. We used the Log-binomial regression model to estimate the rate of diabetes incidence based on risk factors.Results: The mean age of subjects was equal to 28.0 (SD=5.1) years. The rate of gestational diabetes occurrence was 7.8% (95% CI: 6.3-9.6 (Cases=85 pregnant women). In case of subject over 35 (RR=2.9), the factors of positive family history of diabetes (RR=1.8) and pre-diabetic condition (RR=1.6) increased the risk of gestational diabetes. The factors of BMI, smoking, education, and the pregnancy frequency were not considered in the model.Conclusions: The incidence rate of diabetes in our population was higher compared to previous studies. However, due to variations made in the gestational diabetes screening guidelines, more studies are needed to do comparative research

Primjena D-optimalnog dizajna za poboljšanje fizikalnih i senzorskih svojstava pljeskavica sa smanjenim udjelom masnoća, izrađenih od goveđeg mesa uz dodatak inulina, β-glukana i biljnih ulja

In this study, the D-optimal mixture design methodology was applied to determine the optimised proportions of inulin, β-glucan and breadcrumbs in formulation of low-fat beef burgers containing pre-emulsified canola and olive oil blend. Also, the effect of each of the ingredients individually as well as their interactions on cooking characteristics, texture, colour and sensory properties of low-fat beef burgers were investigated. The results of this study revealed that the increase of inulin content in the formulations of burgers led to lower cooking yield, moisture retention and increased lightness, overall acceptability, mouldability and desired textural parameters. In contrast, incorporation of β-glucan increased the cooking yield, moisture retention and decreased lightness, overall acceptability, mouldability and desired textural parameters of burger patt ies. The interaction between inulin and β-glucan improved the cooking characteristics of the burgers without significantly negative effect on the colour or sensory properties. The results of the study clearly stated that the optimum mixture for the burger formulation consisted of (in g per 100 g): inulin 3.1, β-glucan 2.2 and breadcrumbs 2.7. The texture parameters and cooking characteristics were improved by using the mixture of inulin, β-glucan and breadcrumbs, without any negative effects on the sensory properties of the burgers.U ovom je radu pomoću D-optimalnog dizajna određen optimalan omjer inulina, β-glukana i krušnih mrvica u smjesi za pljeskavice kojoj je prethodno dodana mješavina repičinog i maslinovog ulja. Osim toga, ispitan je pojedinačan i zbirni učinak sastojaka na kalo kuhanja, teksturu, boju i senzorska svojstva pljeskavica sa smanjenim udjelom masnoća. Rezultati pokazuju da se povećanjem udjela inulina povećao kalo kuhanja, smanjilo zadržavanje vlage, a dobivene su pljeskavice dobre teksture, svjetlije boje, koje se lako oblikuju te nakon pečenja postižu bolje senzorske ocjene. Interakcijom inulina i β-glukana poboljšana su svojstva pljeskavica tijekom pečenja, bez negativnog učinka na boju i senzorske osobine. Optimalna smjesa za izradu pljeskavica dobivena je dodatkom 3,1 g inulina, 2,2 g β-glukana i 2,7 g krušnih mrvica. Tekstura pljeskavica te njihova svojstva tijekom pečenja bitno su poboljšana dodatkom inulina, β-glukana i krušnih mrvica, pri čemu se senzorske ocjene nisu smanjile

Effects of melatonin supplementation on weight and body fat mass percentage in overweight or obese people

Background: Studies have shown that melatonin consumption can decrease weight and body fat mass percentage. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of melatonin supplementation on weight and body fat mass percentage in overweight or obese people. Methods: This clinical trial was carried out on 38 overweight or class-I obese adults (8 men and 30 women) in Tehran in 2013. Subjects were allocated to melatonin or placebo groups. The intervention period was 12 weeks and 3 mg/day melatonin was administered. Data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA and paired T-test. Findings: Weight and body mass index was significantly decreased in both groups in the study period, but these changes were only significant in the first six weeks of the study. Body fat mass percentage was significantly decreased in the melatonin group. Salivary melatonin level was not significantly different in both groups after the study period. Conclusion: With regards to the results, it seems that supplementation with 3 mg/day melatonin does not make a significant decrease in weight and body mass index, but decrease body fat mass percentage. More investigations are required to confirm the findings. Keywords: Melatonin, Overweight, Obesity, Body mass Inde

A Comparison of Cephalexin with Fosfomycin Trometanol (monurol) in the treatment of pregnant women with lower urinary tract

Background : Because of the relation between bacteriuria in pregnancy and low birth weight and immaturity, a proper and suitable treatment is important. Fosfomycin Treometamol is one of the most safe drugs in pregnancy. This study was designed to compare it with Cephalexin. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 166 pregnant women with. positive urine culture (cfu >105) were randomized into two groups to receive Cephalexin and Fosfomycin. Urine cultures were repeated one week and one month after treatment. Results: The most bacteria in Cephalexin groups were E.coli (87.8%), Streptococcus (7.3%)< Proteus (2.4%) and Klebsiella (2.4%), and in the later group they were E.coli (84.5%), Streptococcus (9.5%)< Proteus (4.8%) and Klebsiella (1.2%) with no significant difference (p=0.737). After one week, success rate in Cephalexin group was 92.7% and for Fosfomycin was 91.7% (p=1). The odds ratio was 15.15 and relative risk was 1.01. All the cultures were negative after one month. 2 in the Cephalexin group and 3 in the Fosfomycin group had diarrhea (p=0.68). Conclusion: Considering the equality between Cephalexin and Fosfomycin, Fosfomycin can be used to treat uncomplicated bacteriuria in pregnancy

Evaluation of the Adequacy of GMP to Control Microbial Hazards in Dairy Factories in Fars Province

Background and Objectives: Pre-requisite programs (PRPs) are &ldquo;primary conditions and requirements essential for HACCP operations, which are crucial in food safety programs&rdquo;. The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of implementation of PRPs on the microbial parameters of pasteurized milk (according to the National Standard of Iran). Effectiveness of HACCP operation requirements and efficiency of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) were also evaluated in control of the above-mentioned microbial parameters. Materials and Methods: According to the approved checklist of the Vice-chancellor in Food and Drug affairs, PRPs of 26 factories were evaluated from March 2014 to March 2015 in two-month intervals, and their total and component scores were obtained along with the microbial parameters of pasteurized milk. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEEs) were used to determine the significance of total score and the impact of its components on controlling microbial hazards. Results: There was a reverse significant relation between the total scores of the PRPs and microbial hygiene indices (total and coliform count) which approves the effectiveness of operating the programs in controlling the mentioned microorganisms. Efficiency of each pre-requisite program was different in controlling the microbial parameters. Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) had a prominent effect on controlling of the index microorganisms of hygienic operations. Overall, the results showed a little probability of contamination with E. coli in the pasteurized milk samples of Fars Province for which the statistical analysis was ignored. Conclusions: The exact operation of PRPs resulted in reduction of microbial parameters in a way that increasing the total score of PRPs led to decrease in microbial parameters of total count (TC), coliforms, molds and yeasts. The findings further suggest the application of this checklist in evaluation and prediction of microbial parameters. Keywords: Good manufacturing practices, Microbial parameters, Pasteurized mil

Influence of Heat Shock Temperatures and Fast Freezing on Viability of Probiotic Sporeformers and the Issue of Spore Plate Count Versus True Numbers

Background and Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate effects of various heat shock conditions and fast freezing and subsequent thawing on the viability and recovery of Bacillus coagulans and Bacillus subtilis as probiotic sporeformers, and also to compare spore plate and microscopic counts. Materials and Methods: After preparing the final suspensions of B. coagulans and Bacillus subtilis subsp. Natto spores, they were spread-plated before and after fast freezing treatment (-70°C for about 1 min). Heat shock treatments of the spores were carried out at 68oC for 15, 20, and 30 min as well as at 80oC for 10 and 15 min. Concentrations of the examined probiotic sporeformers were determined simultaneously by plate enumerations and microscopically determined counts. Student’s t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of SPSS were used for statistical analysis of the data. Analysis of DoE results was carried out using Minitab. Results: The results presented here show that the highest recovery rates for B. coagulans (14.75 log CFU/mL) and B. subtilis spores (14.80 log CFU/mL) were under a heat shock condition of 68°C for 20 min in nutrient agar (p<0.05). In addition, the survival rates of B. coagulans and B. subtilis spores under the fast freezing and subsequent thawing condition were about 90% and 88%, respectively. Plate counts differed significantly from counts determined microscopically, with differences of almost 0.5 and 0.8 log for B. coagulans and B. subtilis spores, respectively (p<0.05). In addition, DoE results of the study revealed that both factors of spore count method and only freezing factor in fast freezing treatment have a significant effect on concentrations of the spores examined (p<0.05). Conclusions: Heat shock conditions, freezing and subsequent thawing circumstances, and plate counts or enumerations determined microscopically have significant influences on the viability of probiotic sporeformers and should be considered in determining of their accurate concentrations