8 research outputs found
Differential Analysis of Proteomes and Metabolomes Reveals Additively Balanced Networking for Metabolism in Maize Heterosis
A century
ago, dominance and overdominance hypotheses were developed
to explain the phenomenon of heterosis, both hypotheses were in a
nonadditive pattern. Here, a principal component analysis (PCA) of
maize seed proteomes was used for representative inbreds of five heterotic
germplasms and three classes of hybrid. Hybrids congregated in the
center region of inbreds, forming an additive distribution with hybrids
in the middle of their parents. Principal components 1 and 2 indicated
biased distributions of proteins with functions of amino acid–protein
or carbohydrate–energy metabolisms, respectively, after loading
analysis and MS identification of proteins. Then, GC–MS was
used to examine free amino acids, carbohydrates, and organic acids.
A lower level of these metabolites were found in hybrids than inbreds.
Further, we performed similar analyses of germinating seeds of a parent–F1
triad and three F2 segregants and confirmed these results. Therefore,
an additive pattern of protein abundances for an unimpeded flow of
metabolites was established in heterotic hybrids. That is, an additively
balanced networking but not the nonadditive dominance or overdominance
regulates heterosis. The less expensive metabolism in hybrids suggested
the evolution of sexual reproduction. The Mendelian phenotypic ratio
can be better explained based on this additive pattern than dominance
Proteomic Analysis Reveals an Aflatoxin-Triggered Immune Response in Cotyledons of <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> Infected with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
An immune response is triggered in host cells when host
receptors
recognize conserved molecular motifs, pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), such as β-glucans, and chitin at the cell
surface of a pathogen. Effector-triggered immunity occurs when pathogens
deliver effectors into the host cell to suppress the first immune
signaling. Using a differential proteomic approach, we identified
an array of proteins responding to aflatoxins in cotyledons of peanut
(<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) infected with aflatoxin-producing
(toxigenic) but not nonaflatoxin-producing (atoxigenic) strains of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. These proteins are involved in immune
signaling and PAMP perception, DNA and RNA stabilization, induction
of defense, innate immunity, hypersensitive response, biosynthesis
of phytoalexins, cell wall responses, peptidoglycan assembly, penetration
resistance, condensed tannin synthesis, detoxification, and metabolic
regulation. Gene expression analysis confirmed the differential abundance
of proteins in peanut cotyledons supplemented with aflatoxins, with
or without infection with the atoxigenic strain. Similarly, peanut
germination and <i>A. flavus</i> growth were altered in
response to aflatoxin B1. These findings show an additional immunity
initiated by aflatoxins. With the PAMP- and effector-triggered immune
responses, this immunity constitutes the third immune response of
the immune system in peanut cotyledon cells. The system is also a
three-grade coevolution of plant–pathogen interaction
Proteomic Analysis Reveals an Aflatoxin-Triggered Immune Response in Cotyledons of <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> Infected with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
An immune response is triggered in host cells when host
receptors
recognize conserved molecular motifs, pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), such as β-glucans, and chitin at the cell
surface of a pathogen. Effector-triggered immunity occurs when pathogens
deliver effectors into the host cell to suppress the first immune
signaling. Using a differential proteomic approach, we identified
an array of proteins responding to aflatoxins in cotyledons of peanut
(<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) infected with aflatoxin-producing
(toxigenic) but not nonaflatoxin-producing (atoxigenic) strains of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. These proteins are involved in immune
signaling and PAMP perception, DNA and RNA stabilization, induction
of defense, innate immunity, hypersensitive response, biosynthesis
of phytoalexins, cell wall responses, peptidoglycan assembly, penetration
resistance, condensed tannin synthesis, detoxification, and metabolic
regulation. Gene expression analysis confirmed the differential abundance
of proteins in peanut cotyledons supplemented with aflatoxins, with
or without infection with the atoxigenic strain. Similarly, peanut
germination and <i>A. flavus</i> growth were altered in
response to aflatoxin B1. These findings show an additional immunity
initiated by aflatoxins. With the PAMP- and effector-triggered immune
responses, this immunity constitutes the third immune response of
the immune system in peanut cotyledon cells. The system is also a
three-grade coevolution of plant–pathogen interaction
Proteomic Analysis Reveals an Aflatoxin-Triggered Immune Response in Cotyledons of <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> Infected with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
An immune response is triggered in host cells when host
receptors
recognize conserved molecular motifs, pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), such as β-glucans, and chitin at the cell
surface of a pathogen. Effector-triggered immunity occurs when pathogens
deliver effectors into the host cell to suppress the first immune
signaling. Using a differential proteomic approach, we identified
an array of proteins responding to aflatoxins in cotyledons of peanut
(<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) infected with aflatoxin-producing
(toxigenic) but not nonaflatoxin-producing (atoxigenic) strains of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. These proteins are involved in immune
signaling and PAMP perception, DNA and RNA stabilization, induction
of defense, innate immunity, hypersensitive response, biosynthesis
of phytoalexins, cell wall responses, peptidoglycan assembly, penetration
resistance, condensed tannin synthesis, detoxification, and metabolic
regulation. Gene expression analysis confirmed the differential abundance
of proteins in peanut cotyledons supplemented with aflatoxins, with
or without infection with the atoxigenic strain. Similarly, peanut
germination and <i>A. flavus</i> growth were altered in
response to aflatoxin B1. These findings show an additional immunity
initiated by aflatoxins. With the PAMP- and effector-triggered immune
responses, this immunity constitutes the third immune response of
the immune system in peanut cotyledon cells. The system is also a
three-grade coevolution of plant–pathogen interaction
Proteomic Analysis Reveals an Aflatoxin-Triggered Immune Response in Cotyledons of <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> Infected with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
An immune response is triggered in host cells when host
receptors
recognize conserved molecular motifs, pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), such as β-glucans, and chitin at the cell
surface of a pathogen. Effector-triggered immunity occurs when pathogens
deliver effectors into the host cell to suppress the first immune
signaling. Using a differential proteomic approach, we identified
an array of proteins responding to aflatoxins in cotyledons of peanut
(<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) infected with aflatoxin-producing
(toxigenic) but not nonaflatoxin-producing (atoxigenic) strains of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. These proteins are involved in immune
signaling and PAMP perception, DNA and RNA stabilization, induction
of defense, innate immunity, hypersensitive response, biosynthesis
of phytoalexins, cell wall responses, peptidoglycan assembly, penetration
resistance, condensed tannin synthesis, detoxification, and metabolic
regulation. Gene expression analysis confirmed the differential abundance
of proteins in peanut cotyledons supplemented with aflatoxins, with
or without infection with the atoxigenic strain. Similarly, peanut
germination and <i>A. flavus</i> growth were altered in
response to aflatoxin B1. These findings show an additional immunity
initiated by aflatoxins. With the PAMP- and effector-triggered immune
responses, this immunity constitutes the third immune response of
the immune system in peanut cotyledon cells. The system is also a
three-grade coevolution of plant–pathogen interaction
Proteomic Analysis Reveals an Aflatoxin-Triggered Immune Response in Cotyledons of <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> Infected with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
An immune response is triggered in host cells when host
receptors
recognize conserved molecular motifs, pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), such as β-glucans, and chitin at the cell
surface of a pathogen. Effector-triggered immunity occurs when pathogens
deliver effectors into the host cell to suppress the first immune
signaling. Using a differential proteomic approach, we identified
an array of proteins responding to aflatoxins in cotyledons of peanut
(<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) infected with aflatoxin-producing
(toxigenic) but not nonaflatoxin-producing (atoxigenic) strains of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. These proteins are involved in immune
signaling and PAMP perception, DNA and RNA stabilization, induction
of defense, innate immunity, hypersensitive response, biosynthesis
of phytoalexins, cell wall responses, peptidoglycan assembly, penetration
resistance, condensed tannin synthesis, detoxification, and metabolic
regulation. Gene expression analysis confirmed the differential abundance
of proteins in peanut cotyledons supplemented with aflatoxins, with
or without infection with the atoxigenic strain. Similarly, peanut
germination and <i>A. flavus</i> growth were altered in
response to aflatoxin B1. These findings show an additional immunity
initiated by aflatoxins. With the PAMP- and effector-triggered immune
responses, this immunity constitutes the third immune response of
the immune system in peanut cotyledon cells. The system is also a
three-grade coevolution of plant–pathogen interaction
Proteomics Insight into the Biological Safety of Transgenic Modification of Rice As Compared with Conventional Genetic Breeding and Spontaneous Genotypic Variation
The potential of unintended effects caused by transgenic
events is a key issue in the commercialization of genetically modified
(GM) crops. To investigate whether transgenic events cause unintended
effects, we used comparative proteomics approaches to evaluate proteome
differences in seeds from 2 sets of GM <i>indica</i> rice,
herbicide-resistant Bar68-1 carrying <i>bar</i> and insect-resistant
2036-1a carrying <i>cry1Ac</i>/<i>sck</i>, and
their respective controls D68 and MH86, as well as <i>indica</i> variety MH63, a parental line for breeding MH86, and <i>japonica</i> variety ZH10. This experimental design allowed for comparing proteome
difference caused by transgenes, conventional genetic breeding, and
natural genetic variation. Proteomics analysis revealed the maximum
numbers of differentially expressed proteins between <i>indica</i> and <i>japonica</i> cultivars, second among <i>indica</i> varieties with relative small difference between MH86 and MH63,
and the minimum between GM rice and respective control, thus indicating
GM events do not substantially alter proteome profiles as compared
with conventional genetic breeding and natural genetic variation.
Mass spectrometry analysis revealed 234 proteins differentially expressed
in the 6 materials, and these proteins were involved in different
cellular and metabolic processes with a prominent skew toward metabolism
(31.2%), protein synthesis and destination (25.2%), and defense response
(22.4%). In these seed proteomes, proteins implicated in the 3 prominent
biological processes showed significantly different composite expression
patterns and were major factors differentiating <i>japonica</i> and <i>indica</i> cultivars, as well as <i>indica</i> varieties. Thus, metabolism, protein synthesis and destination,
and defense response in seeds are important in differentiating rice
cultivars and varieties
Proteomics Insight into the Biological Safety of Transgenic Modification of Rice As Compared with Conventional Genetic Breeding and Spontaneous Genotypic Variation
The potential of unintended effects caused by transgenic
events is a key issue in the commercialization of genetically modified
(GM) crops. To investigate whether transgenic events cause unintended
effects, we used comparative proteomics approaches to evaluate proteome
differences in seeds from 2 sets of GM <i>indica</i> rice,
herbicide-resistant Bar68-1 carrying <i>bar</i> and insect-resistant
2036-1a carrying <i>cry1Ac</i>/<i>sck</i>, and
their respective controls D68 and MH86, as well as <i>indica</i> variety MH63, a parental line for breeding MH86, and <i>japonica</i> variety ZH10. This experimental design allowed for comparing proteome
difference caused by transgenes, conventional genetic breeding, and
natural genetic variation. Proteomics analysis revealed the maximum
numbers of differentially expressed proteins between <i>indica</i> and <i>japonica</i> cultivars, second among <i>indica</i> varieties with relative small difference between MH86 and MH63,
and the minimum between GM rice and respective control, thus indicating
GM events do not substantially alter proteome profiles as compared
with conventional genetic breeding and natural genetic variation.
Mass spectrometry analysis revealed 234 proteins differentially expressed
in the 6 materials, and these proteins were involved in different
cellular and metabolic processes with a prominent skew toward metabolism
(31.2%), protein synthesis and destination (25.2%), and defense response
(22.4%). In these seed proteomes, proteins implicated in the 3 prominent
biological processes showed significantly different composite expression
patterns and were major factors differentiating <i>japonica</i> and <i>indica</i> cultivars, as well as <i>indica</i> varieties. Thus, metabolism, protein synthesis and destination,
and defense response in seeds are important in differentiating rice
cultivars and varieties