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The molecular architecture of engulfment during Bacillus subtilis sporulation.
The study of bacterial cell biology is limited by difficulties in visualizing cellular structures at high spatial resolution within their native milieu. Here, we visualize Bacillus subtilis sporulation using cryo-electron tomography coupled with cryo-focused ion beam milling, allowing the reconstruction of native-state cellular sections at molecular resolution. During sporulation, an asymmetrically-positioned septum generates a larger mother cell and a smaller forespore. Subsequently, the mother cell engulfs the forespore. We show that the septal peptidoglycan is not completely degraded at the onset of engulfment. Instead, the septum is uniformly and only slightly thinned as it curves towards the mother cell. Then, the mother cell membrane migrates around the forespore in tiny finger-like projections, whose formation requires the mother cell SpoIIDMP protein complex. We propose that a limited number of SpoIIDMP complexes tether to and degrade the peptidoglycan ahead of the engulfing membrane, generating an irregular membrane front
Transformer-Based Multi-Aspect Multi-Granularity Non-Native English Speaker Pronunciation Assessment
Automatic pronunciation assessment is an important technology to help
self-directed language learners. While pronunciation quality has multiple
aspects including accuracy, fluency, completeness, and prosody, previous
efforts typically only model one aspect (e.g., accuracy) at one granularity
(e.g., at the phoneme-level). In this work, we explore modeling multi-aspect
pronunciation assessment at multiple granularities. Specifically, we train a
Goodness Of Pronunciation feature-based Transformer (GOPT) with multi-task
learning. Experiments show that GOPT achieves the best results on
speechocean762 with a public automatic speech recognition (ASR) acoustic model
trained on Librispeech.Comment: Accepted at ICASSP 2022. Code at https://github.com/YuanGongND/gopt
Interactive Colab demo at
https://colab.research.google.com/github/YuanGongND/gopt/blob/master/colab/GOPT_GPU.ipynb
. ICASSP 202
SOAR: Scene-debiasing Open-set Action Recognition
Deep learning models have a risk of utilizing spurious clues to make
predictions, such as recognizing actions based on the background scene. This
issue can severely degrade the open-set action recognition performance when the
testing samples have different scene distributions from the training samples.
To mitigate this problem, we propose a novel method, called Scene-debiasing
Open-set Action Recognition (SOAR), which features an adversarial scene
reconstruction module and an adaptive adversarial scene classification module.
The former prevents the decoder from reconstructing the video background given
video features, and thus helps reduce the background information in feature
learning. The latter aims to confuse scene type classification given video
features, with a specific emphasis on the action foreground, and helps to learn
scene-invariant information. In addition, we design an experiment to quantify
the scene bias. The results indicate that the current open-set action
recognizers are biased toward the scene, and our proposed SOAR method better
mitigates such bias. Furthermore, our extensive experiments demonstrate that
our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods, and the ablation studies
confirm the effectiveness of our proposed modules.Comment: Accepted to ICCV 2023, code:https://github.com/yhZhai/SOA
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