Data_Sheet_1_Time and risk preferences and the perceived effectiveness of incentives to comply with diabetic retinopathy screening among older adults with type 2 diabetes.docx

Behavioral economics has the potential to inform the design of incentives to improve disease screening programs by accounting for various behavioral biases. We investigate the association between multiple behavioral economics concepts and the perceived effectiveness of incentive strategies for behavioral change among older patients with a chronic disease. This association is examined by focusing on diabetic retinopathy screening, which is recommended but very variably followed by persons living with diabetes. Five time and risk preference concepts (i.e., utility curvature, probability weighting, loss aversion, discount rate, and present-bias) are estimated simultaneously in a structural econometric framework, based on a series of deliberately-designed economic experiments offering real money. We find that higher discount rates and loss aversion and lower probability weighting are significantly associated with lower perceived effectiveness of intervention strategies whereas present-bias and utility curvature have an insignificant association with it. Finally, we also observe strong urban vs. rural heterogeneity in the association between our behavioral economic concepts and the perceived effectiveness of intervention strategies.</p

Table_1_Vertical differentiation drives the changes in the main microflora and metabolites of carbon and nitrogen cycling in the early freeze–thaw period in the Qinghai Lake Basin.DOCX

Global climate change has altered the frequency of soil freeze–thaw cycles, but the response of soil microorganisms to different elevation gradients during the early freeze–thaw period remains unclear. So far, the influence of the altitudinal gradient on the microbial community and metabolic characteristics in the early freeze–thaw period of the Qinghai Lake Basin remains unclear. To this end, we collected soil at different elevations in the early freeze–thaw period of the Qinghai Lake Basin and investigated the influence of the elevation gradient on soil microbial community characteristics and soil metabolic processes as well as the corresponding environmental driving mechanism by high-throughput sequencing and LC–MS (Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer) nontargeted metabolite determination. The results showed that Proteobacteria were the dominant microflora in the Qinghai Lake Basin. The dominant phyla associated with carbon and nitrogen are Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, both of which are significantly affected by elevation. The soil physicochemical factors jointly affected the soil microbial communities and metabolism. Total phosphorus nitrate nitrogen and pH were the main driving factors of the microbial community, and metabolites were sensitive to changes in chemical factors. In short, the microbial community structure and function, soil physicochemical factors and soil metabolic processes were significantly affected by the altitudinal gradient in the early freeze–thaw period, while the microbial community diversity showed no significant response to the altitudinal gradient. Additionally, a high potassium content in the soil may promote the growth and reproduction of bacteria associated with carbon and nitrogen cycling, as well as the production of metabolites.</p

The distribution of HBV integration sites, mutational status of selected tumor suppressor genes and numbers of chromosomal aberrations identified in the 25 patients whose samples were assayed using aCGH assay.

<p> <b>W/O = without mutation; Low aberration number = less than 100 chromosomal aberrations; High aberration number = more than 100 chromosomal aberrations.</b></p

Precise locations of HBV integration events mapped to the FN1 gene.

<p>The chromosome locations were mapped using the UCSC database. The orientation of the cellular gene was compared with that of the integrated HBV genome: same = same direction while opposite = opposite direction.</p

The distribution of break-points in the HBV genome in integrated viral sequences detected using different viral primers.

<p>A and B, HBV genome break-points were obtained using HBV specific primers (S1 and pUTP) lying downstream of the HBx region. C and D, HBV genome break-points were obtained using a primer (HBV1920R) lying downstream of the HBV core region. Solid and Hollow dots represent virus-cell junction sites from tumor derived and non-tumor derived samples respectively. Five of the break-points identified fell outside of the region of the viral genome shown in detail in this figure (at nt 415; nt 2784; nt 1292; nt 546; and nt 3075).</p

Examples of rearrangements of the HBV genome found in integrated viral genomes.

<p>Del = deletion, Ins = insertion.</p