Determination of Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotypes in Anogenital Cancers in Myanmar

Molecular and epidemiologic investigations suggest a causal role for human papillomavirus (HPV) in anogenital cancers. This study identified oncogenic HPV genotypes in anogenital cancers among men and women in a 2013 cross-sectional descriptive study in Myanmar. In total, 100 biopsy tissues of histologically confirmed anogenital cancers collected in 2008-2012 were studied, including 30 penile and 9 anal cancers from Yangon General Hospital and 61 vulvar cancers from Central Women's Hospital, Yangon. HPV-DNA testing and genotyping were performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Overall, 34% of anogenital cancers were HPV-positive. HPV was found in 44.4% of anal (4/9), 36.1% of vulvar (22/61), and 26.7% of penile (8/30) cancers. The most frequent genotypes in anal cancers were HPV 16 (75%) and 18 (25%). In vulvar cancers, HPV 33 was most common (40.9%), followed by 16 (31.8%), 31 (22.7%), and 18 (4.6%). In penile cancers, HPV 16 (62.5%) was most common, followed by 33 (25%) and 18 (12.5%). This is the first report of evidencebased oncogenic HPV genotypes in anogenital cancers among men and women in Myanmar. This research provides valuable information for understanding the burden of HPV-associated cancers of the anus, penis, and vulva and considering the effectiveness of prophylactic HPV vaccination

Young key affected population in Myanmar: are there any challenges in seeking information and care for HIV/sexually transmitted infections and reproductive health? [version 2; referees: 2 approved]

Background: Unmet needs and barriers in seeking HIV/STI and RH information and care are present especially among young key affected population (YKAP). Therefore, the study was conducted to determine the health seeking behaviors of YKAP regarding HIV/STI and RH, and challenges in seeking health information and care. Methods: A cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was conducted at two large cities in Myanmar. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with YKAP aged 15-24 years. In-depth interviews and key informant interviews were done with YKAP and health care providers. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were done for quantitative data and thematic analysis was applied for qualitative data. Results: A total of 119 young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and 123 young female sex workers (YFSW) included in the study. Mean age of YMSM and YFSW were 20.9±2.4 and 21.7±2.2 years. Over 30% of YMSM and 49.3% of YFSW had experience of any STI symptom. Particularly, 17% of YMSM and 10% of YFSW had genital ulcer, and majority sought health care at NGO clinics. About 37% of YMSM and 40% of YFSW visited Drop-in-center (DIC) within one to six months. Over 13% of YMSM and 14.6% of YFSW had challenges in seeking HIV/STI and RH information.  YMSM/YFSW type and age of YMSM were associated with visit to DIC. Lesser proportions of Tha-nge (43.5%), younger age YMSM (66.7%), brothel-based YFSW (47.9%) visited DIC than others (p<0.05). Challenges and unmet needs expressed by YKAP were reluctance in asking health information, worry for future fertility, consequences of anal sex and contraception. Challenges expressed by providers were limited time during outreach service and difficulty in reaching entertainment-based sex workers. Conclusions: Special attention in provision of health information should be paid to YKAP since there is a considerable proportion of YKAP with unmet need in seeking HIV/STI/RH information and care

TREATMENT OF ARSENIC CONTAMINATED WASTE AND SOIL WITH IRON

Master'sMASTER OF ENGINEERIN

Kernels Analysis in MRI Images Noise Removal Methods

With advanced imaging techniques, MagneticResonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role inmedical environments to create high quality imagescontained in the human organs. In the processing ofmedical images, medical images are coordinated bydifferent types of noise. It is very important toacquire accurate images and observe specificapplications with precision. Currently, eliminatingnoise from medical images is a very difficult problemin the field of medical image processing. In thisdocument, three types of noise, Gaussian noise, andsalt &amp; pepper noise, uniform noise are tested and thetested variances of Gaussian noise and uniform noiseare 0.02 and 10 respectively. We analyze the kernelvalue or the window size of the medium filter and theWiener filter. All experimental results are tested onMRI images of the BRATS data set, the DICOM dataset and TCIA data set. MRI brain images areobtained from the BRATS data set and the DICOMdata set, the MRI bone images are obtained from theTCIA data set. The quality of the output image ismeasured by statistical measurements, such as thepeak signal noise ratio (PSNR) and the root meansquare error (RMSE)

A Fast Image-Spam Filtering System using Support Vector Machine

The explosion of Image spam emails hasprompted the development of numerous spamfiltering techniques. This paper proposes anefficient image spam filtering system using threemethods. The first method, File properties,analyses high level features in order to reducecomputation cost. The second approach usesHue, Saturation, Intensity (HSI) color model ofhistogram and the third method uses Hough lineDetection. These three methods filter the imagespam by analyzing both images including textand image. The images are collected from threedifferent datasets that are Priceton, Image SpamHunter and Spam Archieve Datasets. SupportVector Machine (SVM) classifies the input imageis spam image or normal image. Theexperimental result shows the accuracy ofdifferent methods on different datasets andevaluates computation time. Among the threemethods, Hough line can detect the input imagewithin the minimum processing time required

Production of Farm Waste Compost and Its Utilization for Yield Improvement of Capsicum grossum Willd. (Sweet pepper)

Investigation of the effects of rice straw composts on Capsicum grossum Willd. (sweet pepper) was conducted in Taungoo University Campus. Composting process was prepared from July, 2011 to February, 2012 and cultivation was carried out in March, 2012. Bin method was used in composting and rice straw waste was mixed with cowdung, with vermicompost and with legume residue in a ratio of 10:1 in weight-wise respectively. Composting periods was taken 210 days and the resting time was 23 days. Five treatments with three replicates were set up in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The optimum ranges of C/N ratio; 10.24 and 10.42 were observed in T1 (compost of rice straw waste+ cowdung) and T4 (compost of pure rice straw waste). Total nitrogen content of T4 was the highest, 1.69%. T1 (compost of rice straw waste+ cowdung) had the maximum mean plant height (22.99 cm), largest number of leaves (18.78), biggest leaf area (28.13 cm2) and highest yield (121.58 g/ plant)

Study on the Phytochemical Constituents in Essential oil of Pandanus amaryllifolious Roxb. Leaves and their Anti-bacterial Efficacy

The study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemicals and antibacterial efficacy of essential oil of Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial. The phytochemicals of essential oil of P. amaryllifolius leaves were analyzed by using GC-MS, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the essential oil was confirmed by comparison of their Kováts retention indices relative to C8-C22 n-alkanes. The gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of P. amaryllifolius leaves essential oil showed the presence of 54 compounds were identified, representing 98.28 % of the total oil composition. It was observed that phytol in essential oils was the major component, with the highest concentration in oil (21.35%), followed by -thujaplicin (18.64%), dodecanol (12.55%), n-tetradecanol (8.93%), benzyl acetate (8.08%). The finding of present study revealed that the essential oil of pandanus leaves demonstrate the presence of potential extractive active substances and their antibacterial potential. The essential oil had the greatest antibacterial activity against all Gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil had the largest inhibition zones against E. coli and M. luteus, measured at 15.3, 10.7, respectively. The lowest MIC value (31.2 μg/mL) was observed for the drugs, while the essential oil showed higher MIC values at concentrations of 31.25 μg/mL for E. coli and M. luteus, 62.5 μg/mL for Ps. aeruginosa and 125 μg/mL for S. aureus, respectively