Alkoxyallene‐Based LANCA Three‐Component Synthesis of 1,2‐Diketones, Quinoxalines, and Unique Isoindenone Dimers and a Computational Study of the Isoindenone Dimerization

A series of β‐alkoxy‐β‐ketoenamides was prepared by the well‐established LANCA three‐component reaction of lithiated 1‐(2‐trimethylsilylethoxy)‐substituted allenes, nitriles, and α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids. The α‐tert‐butyl‐substituted compounds were smoothly converted into the expected 1,2‐diketones by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid. A subsequent condensation of the 1,2‐diketones with o‐phenylenediamine provided the desired highly substituted quinoxalines in good overall yield. Surprisingly, the α‐phenyl‐substituted β‐alkoxy‐β‐ketoenamides investigated afford not only the expected 1,2‐diketones, but also pentacyclic compounds with an anti‐tricyclo[4.2.1.12,5]deca‐3,7‐diene‐9,10‐dione core. These interesting products are very likely the result of an isoindenone dimerization which was mechanistically studied with the support of DFT calculations. Under the strongly acidic reaction conditions, a stepwise reaction is likely leading to a protonated isoindenone as reactive intermediate. It may first form a van der Waals complex with a neutral isoindenone before the two regio‐ and diastereoselective ring forming steps occur. Interestingly, two neutral or two protonated isoindenones are also predicted to dimerize giving the observed pentacyclic product

Euro membership and fiscal reaction functions : [Version 10 May 2013]

The paper uses fiscal reaction functions for a panel of euro-area countries to investigate whether euro membership has reduced the responsiveness of countries to shocks in the level of inherited debt compared to the period prior to succession to the euro. While we find some evidence for such a loss in prudence, the results are not robust to changes in the specification, such as an exclusion of Greece from the panel. This suggests that the current debt problems may result to a large extent from preexisting debt levels prior to entry or from a larger need for fiscal prudence in a common currency, while an adverse change in the fiscal reaction functions for most countries does not apply

Parent-child interaction therapy:An evidence-based treatment for child maltreatment

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Experiences with entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of overwintering codling moth larvae in Germany

Entomopathogenic nematodes were tested for their potential as tool in resistance management of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. in organic fruit growing. In two field tests, the adults emerging from stems treated with nematodes were monitored. In one trial, 90 % of efficacy could be shown. On-farm trials with favourable weather conditions showed an efficacy about 50-60 % on fruit infestation by codling moth in the year following the application. On-farm trials with unfavourable weather conditions showed no results. The favourable weather conditions for the application are discussed with reference to German conditions

Field tests with Madex Plus against CpGV-resistant codling moth populations in organic orchards in 2006

When resistance to the Mexican isolate of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus (CpGV-M) arose in several organic orchards in Germany in 2004 and 2005, the future of codling moth control became a serious concern of organic fruit growing. In 2006, a new virus isolate from Andermatt Biocontrol AG (Madex Plus) was first tested in two field trials in organic orchards on codling moth populations resistant against the Mexican isolate of CpGV. Madex Plus showed a better efficacy on these populations than Madex 3. However, larval mortality larvae seemed to be somewhat delayed. A very good effect was shown in population control. The number of larvae in corrugated card board belts was significantly reduced after treatment with Madex Plus. In addition to these trials, on-farm trials in all orchards concerned of the CpGV-M resistance were carried out. The results of on-farm trials showed the same tendency: high efficacy in population control against a background of slightly delayed larval death. In 2007, Madex Plus was applied successfully in all organic orchards with CpGV-M-resistant codling moth populations in Germany

Trust in government and fiscal adjustments : [Version 4 June 2013]

The paper looks at the determinants of fiscal adjustments as reflected in the primary surplus of countries. Our conjecture is that governments will usually find it more attractive to pursue fiscal adjustments in a situation of relatively high growth, but based on a simple stylized model of government behavior the expectation is that mainly high trust governments will be in a position to defer consolidation to years with higher growth. Overall, our analysis of a panel of European countries provides support for this expectation. The difference in fiscal policies depending on government trust levels may help explaining why better governed countries have been found to have less severe business cycles. It suggests that trust and credibility play an important role not only in monetary policy, but also in fiscal policy