Efficient Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by Low Temperature Processed Ternary Metal Oxide as Electron Transport Interlayer with Large Stoichiometry Window

Highly efficient organic photovoltaic cells are demonstrated by incorporating low temperature solution processed indium zinc oxide (IZO) as cathode interlayers. The IZOs are synthesized using a combustion synthesis method, which enables low temperature processes (150–250 °C). We investigated the IZO films with different electron mobilities (1.4 × 10^–3 to 0.23 cm²/(V·s)), hydroxide–oxide content (38% to 47%), and surface roughness (0.19–5.16 nm) by modulating the ternary metal oxide stoichiometry. The photovoltaic performance was found to be relatively insensitive to the composition ratio of In:Zn over the range of 0.8:0.2 to 0.5:0.5 despite the differences in their electrical and surface properties, achieving high power conversion efficiencies of 6.61%–7.04%. Changes in composition ratio of IZO do not lead to obvious differences in energy levels, diode parameters and morphology of the photoactive layer, as revealed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), dark current analysis and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) measurements, correlating well with the large IZO stoichiometry window that enables efficient photovoltaic devices. Our results demonstrate the robustness of this ETL system and provide a convenient approach to realize a wide range of multicomponent oxides and compatible with processing on flexible plastic substrates

Spatiotemporal patterns of remotely sensed phenology and their response to climate change and topography in subtropical bamboo forests during 2001-2017: a case study in Zhejiang Province, China

Vegetation phenology has long been adapted to environmental change and is highly sensitive to climate change. Shifts in phenology also affect feedbacks of vegetation to environmental factors such as topography and climate by influencing spatiotemporal fluctuations in productivity, carbon fixation, and the carbon water cycle. However, there are limited studies which explores the combined effects of the climate and terrain on phenology. Bamboo forests exhibit the outstanding phenological phenomena and play an important role in maintaining global carbon balance in climate change. Therefore, the interaction mechanisms of climate and topography on bamboo forest phenology were analyzed in Zhejiang Province, China during 2001–2017. The partial least squares path model was applied to clarify the interplay between the climate and terrain impacts on phenology under land cover/use change. The results revealed that the average start date of the growing season (SOS) significantly advanced by 0.81 days annually, the end date of the growing season (EOS) was delayed by 0.27 days annually, and the length of the growing season (LOS) increased by 1.08 days annually. There were obvious spatial differences in the partial correlation coefficients between the climate factors and phenological metrics. Although the SOS, EOS and LOS were affected by different climatic factors, precipitation was the dominant factor. Due to the sensitivity of the SOS and EOS to precipitation, a 100 mm increase in regional annual precipitation would cause the average SOS to advance by 0.18 days and the EOS to be delayed by 0.12 days. Regarding the terrain factors affecting climate conditions, there were clear differences in the influences of different altitudes, slopes and aspect gradients on bamboo forest phenology. This study further showed that topographic factors mainly affected the interannual variations in phenological metrics under land cover/use change by affecting precipitation. This study clarified the spatial pattern of bamboo forest phenology and the interactive mechanisms between vegetative phenology and environmental conditions, as this information is crucial in assessing the impact of phenological change on the carbon sequestration potential of bamboo forests.</p

Synthesis of multisubstituted <i>N</i>-(tosylamino)pyrrole derivatives by AuCl₃-catalyzed cycloisomerization of the β-alkynyl hydrazones

<p>A method for preparing multisubstituted <i>N</i>-(tosylamino)pyrrole derivatives through AuCl₃-catalyzed cycloisomerization of the β-alkynyl hydrazone compounds was described. The reaction could be carried out in one pot from the β-ketoesters to give the cyclized products in moderate to excellent yields with low catalyst loadings.</p

Additional file 1 of Comparing complete organelle genomes of holoparasitic Christisonia kwangtungensis (Orabanchaceae) with its close relatives: how different are they?

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The plastid genome map of holoparasitic C. kwangtungensis. Genes labelled outside the outer circle are transcribed clockwise, while those inside are transcribed counterclockwise. Dashed area in the inner circle indicates the GC content of plastid genome. Figure S2. Comparison of plastid genome structure among non-parasite (L. philippehsis), hemi-parasite (S. asistica), and holoparasite (C. kwangtungensis). Green lines connect homologous plastid coding genes. Green dotted lines indicate pseudogenized regions. Regions without connecting lines indicate gene loss. Figure S3. The mitochondrial gene map of holoparasitic C. kwangtungensis. Genes labelled outside the outer circle are transcribed clockwise, while those inside are transcribed counterclockwise. Dashed area in the inner circle indicates the GC content of mitochondrial genome. Figure S4. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of rpl20 in the mitochondrial genome of C. kwangtungensis. The phylogenetic tree shows evidence of intracellular gene transfer. The clade length of trees represents the base substitution rate. Figure S5. Gene expression in the photosynthesis pathway observed in transcriptomes of ten species. Detected expressed genes are marked as green. Species in the same clade of C. kwangtungensis are in the red box. With courtesy of © www.genome.jp/kegg/kegg1.html. Figure S6. Gene expression in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway observed in the transcriptome of C. kwangtungensis. Genes with detected expression are in the red boxes. The name and number of gene expression products were marked at each node. With courtesy of © www.genome.jp/kegg/kegg1.html. Figure S7. Mitochondrial gene content (core genes in blue and variable genes in yellow) of 21 species including C. kwangtungensis and A. indica. Retained genes are marked in white and lost genes are marked in black. Figure S8. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Orobanchaceae based on concatenated sequences of all coding genes present in the plastid genome of Lindenbergia philippensis. Table S1. Statistics of putative plastid transferred genes in mitochondrial genome of C. kwangtungensis. Potential donors, transfer types, fragment lengths, and bootstrap of all the putative plastid transferred genes on mitochondrial gnome of C. kwangtungensis. Table S2. Comparison of informative characters of the horizontally transferred fragment rpl20 of C. kwangtungensis and its related species. Table S3. Mitochondrial genome sequence of Lamiales used in this study. Table S4. Plastid genome sequence for plastid phylogeny used in this study