Data_Sheet_1_Prevalence of malnutrition and its associated factors among 18,503 Chinese children aged 3–14 years.PDF

BackgroundChild malnutrition places a major burden on global public health. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of child malnutrition and identify its potential factors among children aged 3–14 years from Beijing and Tangshan.MethodsWe cross-sectionally recruited 18,503 children aged 3–14 years from September 2020 to January 2022, according to a stratified cluster random sampling strategy. Child malnutrition was defined according to the World Health Organization criteria. Data were analyzed by STATA software and R language.ResultsThe prevalence of malnutrition among 18,503 children was 10.93%. After multivariable adjustment, seven factors significantly associated with child malnutrition were parental education (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, p: 1.52, 1.40 to 1.67, ConclusionApproximately 10% of Chinese children aged 3–14 years were in malnutrition status, and seven factors were found to be significant predictors for child malnutrition.</p

Occurrence and Profiles of Phthalates in Foodstuffs from China and Their Implications for Human Exposure

Phthalate esters are used in a wide variety of consumer products, and human exposure to this class of compounds is widespread. Nevertheless, studies on dietary exposure of humans to phthalates are limited. In this study, nine phthalate esters were analyzed in eight categories of foodstuffs (<i>n</i> = 78) collected from Harbin and Shanghai, China, in 2011. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BzBP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were frequently detected in food samples. DEHP was the major compound found in most of the food samples, with concentrations that ranged from below the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 762 ng/g wet weight (wt). The concentrations of phthalates in food samples from China were comparable to concentrations reported for several other countries, but the profiles were different; DMP was found more frequently in Chinese foods than in foods from other countries. The estimated daily dietary intake of phthalates (EDI_diet) was calculated based on the concentrations measured and the daily ingestion rates of food items. The EDI_diet values for DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, BzBP, and DEHP (based on mean concentrations) were 0.092, 0.051, 0.505, 0.703, 0.022, and 1.60 μg/kg-bw/d, respectively, for Chinese adults. The EDI_diet values calculated for phthalates were below the reference doses suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Comparison of total daily intakes, reported previously based on a biomonitoring study, with the current dietary intake estimates suggests that diet is the main source of DEHP exposure in China. Nevertheless, diet accounted for only <10% of the total exposure to DMP, DEP, DBP, and DIBP, which suggested the existence of other sources of exposure to these phthalates

Protective effects of compounds 4, 8 and Trolox against Fenton-generated ROS.

<p><b>A</b>. Protection against apoptosis detected by TUNEL staining of retinal ganglion RGC-5 cells cultured for 4 h in oxidative conditions generated by 1 mM H₂O₂ and 1 mM Fe(II). Mean ± SD, n = 4. <b>B</b>. Cell viability detected by the spectrophotometric MTS assay of 661w photoreceptor cells after 5 hr exposure to ROS generated by 1 mM H₂0₂ and 1 mM Fe(II). Mean ± SD, n = 6.</p

Expression of thioredoxin (TRx) in the neural retina.

<p>Top: Comparison of expression of TRx normalized to levels of GAPDH in rats treated with/without compounds <b>4</b> and <b>8</b> suggest that treatment with multi-functional compounds reduce induction of TRx. Retinal protein homogenate was subjected to Western blotting with anti-TRx and anti-GAPDH antibodies. Bottom: Lanes 1, control diet, non light-damaged; Lane 2, control diet, light-damaged; Lane 3, <b>4</b>-treated, non light-damaged; Lane 4, <b>4</b>-treated, light-damaged; Lane 5, <b>8</b>-treated, non light-damaged; Lane 6, <b>8</b>-treated, light-damaged. Lanes of interest were cropped from entire western blot scan prior to be auto leveled using Adobe Photoshop and analyzed by ImageJ software. Mean ± S.D.; n = 6. An asterisk (*) denotes a significant difference (p<0.05) when compared to the untreated, non light-damaged group. A double dagger (‡) denotes a significant difference (p<0.05) when compared to the untreated, light-damaged group.</p

Dark-adapted (scotopic) ERG responses.

<p>Representative average maximal ERG scotopic response from untreated, control rats (A,B), 4-treated rats (C,D), and 8-treated rats (E,F). The a-wave was measured from baseline to trough, while the b-wave was measured from the trough of the a-wave to the peak of the wave.</p

HPLC-MS analysis of neural retinal levels of 4 and 8.

<p>Analysis confirms accumulation of investigational compounds <b>4</b> and <b>8</b> in the neural retina following two week feeding of diet supplemented with 0.05% compounds <b>4</b> and <b>8</b>. Mean ± S.E.M.; n = 6. The pound (#) sign denotes a significant difference (p<0.05) when compared to the <b>4</b>-treated group.</p

Expression of thioredoxin reductase (TRxR) in the neural retina.

<p>Top: Comparison of expression of TRxR normalized to levels of GAPDH in rats treated with/without compounds <b>4</b> and <b>8</b> suggest that treatment with multi-functional compounds reduce induction of TRxR. Retinal protein homogenate was subjected to Western blotting with anti-TRxR and anti-GAPDH antibodies. Bottom: Lanes 1, control diet, non light-damaged; Lane 2, control diet, light-damaged; Lane 3, <b>4</b>-treated, non light-damaged; Lane 4, <b>4</b>-treated, light-damaged; Lane 5, <b>8</b>-treated, non light-damaged; Lane 6, <b>8</b>-treated, light-damaged. Lanes of interest were cropped from entire western blot scan prior to be auto leveled using Adobe Photoshop and analyzed by ImageJ software. Mean ± S.D.; n = 6. An asterisk (*) denotes a significant difference (p<0.05) when compared to the untreated, non light-damaged group. A double dagger (‡) denotes a significant difference (p<0.05) when compared to the untreated, light-damaged group.</p

Histological sections of the ONL.

<p>Representative microscope images taken at 1 mm inferior and superior to the ONH of H&E stained sections through the optic nerve of retinas treated with/without compounds 4 and 8. Left: Non light-damaged (−) retinas treated with/without compounds 4 and 8. Right: ONL thickness of light-damaged (+) retinas treated with/without compounds 4 and 8. The white point (background) in each image was set using Adobe Photoshop prior to analysis of ONL thickness using Image-Pro Plus software.</p

Percent light-saturated ERG response.

<p>The mean (±S.E.M) of the maximal photopic b-wave amplitude for non light-damaged and light-damaged eyes are shown as a percent of the maximal amplitude from untreated, non light-damaged rats (100% response). n = 6 rats. An asterisk (*) denotes a significant difference (p<0.05) when compared to the untreated, non light-damaged group. A pound sign (#) denotes a significant difference (p<0.05) when compared to the light-damaged, <b>4</b>-treated group.</p

Changes in isolated retinal capillary capillaries from 18 week diabetic AK-SMAA-GFP mice and AK-SMAA-GFP-hAR mice treated with/without ARI.

<p>In <b>A</b> the capillary cell density expressed as capillary nuclei/100 µm of capillary length is presented. In <b>B</b> the percent of acellular capillaries present in the examined neural retinal capillaries is presented. n = 5–7; mean ± S.E.M. * p≤0.03.</p