Association of sleep duration and snack consumption in children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-V study

Objectives: The relationship between sleep deprivation and the risk of overweight and obesity is somewhat known in children and adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and eating snacks in a national sample of children and adolescents aged 6�18 years old. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on the data of the fifth survey of the national school-based surveillance system entitled the �Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and PreventIon of Adult Non-communicable Disease� (CASPIAN-V) study. Short sleeping duration was defined 10 hr per day for children under 10 years and 9 hr per day for children � 10 years. To assess food habits, the consumption frequency of some food groups including sweets, salty snacks, carbonated beverages, diet soft drinks, soft beer, fresh fruits, dried fruits, fresh juices, vegetables, packed juices, dairy products (milk, yogurt, and cheese), fast foods, tea, sugar along with tea, and coffee was asked using Likert scale (never, rarely, weekly, and daily). Results: In multivariate model, short sleep versus long sleep in students was associated with increased chance of eating salty snacks (OR = 1.49 95% CI: 1.38�1.61; p =.001), soft drinks (OR = 1.12 95% CI: 1.04�1.20; p =.002), fast foods (OR = 1.66 95% CI: 1.54�1.79; p <.001), tea (OR = 1.49 95% CI: 1.39�1.61; p <.001), and tea with sugar (OR = 1.13 95% CI: 1.05�1.22; p <.001). In addition, short sleep in students was associated with a decreased odds of daily intake of soft drinks without sugars (OR = 0.64 95% CI: 0.58�0.70; p <.001), soft beer (OR = 0.92 95% CI: 0.85�0.99; p <.001), fresh fruit (OR = 0.83 95% CI: 0.76�0.90; p <.001), dried fruit (OR = 0.43 95% CI: 0.39�0.46; p <.001), fresh fruit juice (OR = 0.66 95% CI: 0.62�0.72; p <.001), packed juice (OR = 0.91 95% CI: 0.84�0.98; p <.009), milk (OR = 0.51 95% CI: 0.47�0.55; p <.001), yogurt (OR = 0.86 95% CI: 0.79�0.93; p �.001), and coffee (OR = 0.82 95% CI: 0.76�0.89; p �.001). Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate a significant relationship between sleep duration and unhealthy food habits. Therefore, increasing awareness of families in this area may reduce obesity and its complications. © 2020 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Association of dietary patterns with continuous metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents; A nationwide propensity score-matched analysis: The CASPIAN-V study

Objective: This study aims to determine the association of dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in children and adolescents. Methods: This nationwide study was conducted in 2015 among 4200 students aged 7-18 years, who lived in 30 provinces in Iran. The analysis was conducted based on the propensity score using a matched case-control study design. Three dietary patterns were obtained conducting a principal component analysis with a varimax rotation on 16 dietary groups. Continuous MetS score was computed by standardizing the residuals (z-scores) of MetS components by regressing them according to age and sex. The gold standard diagnosis of MetS was considered based on the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Moreover, for the purpose of data analysis, matched logistics analysis was used. Results: The study participants consisted of 3843 children and adolescents (response rate 91.5) with mean (SD) age of 12.45 (3.04) years. Totally 49.4 of students were girls and 71.4 lived in urban areas. Three dietary patterns were obtained: Healthy, Western, and Sweet. Prevalence of MetS was 5 (boy 5.5 and girl 4.5). Results of multivariate analysis show that students with Sweet dietary patterns were at higher risk for abdominal obesity (OR 1.29; 95 CI 1.01-1.66), elevated blood pressure (OR 1.35; 95 CI 1.01-1.81) and MetS (OR 1.33; 95 CI 1.02-1.74). The two other dietary patterns were not associated with MetS and its components. Conclusion: Sweet dietary pattern increase the risk of MetS and some its components in Iranian children and adolescents. This finding provides valuable information for effective preventive strategies of MetS based on diet rather than medication to maintain healthy lifestyle habits. © 2018 The Author(s)

Glomerular hyperfiltration as predictor of cardiometabolic risk factors among children and adolescents: The childhood and adolescence surveillance and prevention of adult�v study

Background: The prevalence of glomerular hyperfiltration and chronic kidney disease is increasing worldwide in parallel with obesity hypertension epidemic. The effect of increases in glomerular filtrations (GFR) in children with metabolic syndrome has not been studied. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between GFR and cardiometabolic risk factors in a large sample of pediatric population. Methods: In this nationwide survey, 3800 participants were selected by cluster random sampling from 30 provinces in Iran. Anthropometric measures, biochemical, and clinical parameters were measured. We also measured estimated GFR (eGFR) using the recently modified Schwartz equations and other known cardiometabolic risk factors such as elevated total cholesterol, high low�density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL�C), and obesity. Results: The response rate was 91.5 (n = 3843). The mean and standard deviation (SD) (Mean ± SD) of eGFR for girls, boys, and total population were 96.71 ± 19.46, 96.49 ± 21.69, and 96.59 ± 20 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Overall, 38.7 of the participants did not have any cardiometabolic risk factor. In multivariate models, the risk of elevated systolic blood pressure (BP) (odds ratio OR: 1.48; 95% confidence interval CI: 1.08-2.02), elevated diastolic BP (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.08-2.02), elevated LDL�C (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.07-1.70), and obesity (OR: 1.70; 95%CI: 1.24-2.33) were significantly higher in participants with higher eGFR level than those with the lower level but not with low level of high�density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.60-0.88). Conclusions: This study demonstrates an association between glomerular hyperfiltration and obesity�related hypertension in a large sample of the Iranian pediatric population, independently of other classical risk factors. © 2018 International Journal of Preventive Medicine