The role of public space in post-war reconstruction: the case of the redevelopment of Beirut city centre, Lebanon

This research emerges from the author's observations and from concerns shared by many local and international architects, urban designers and planners about policies and strategies adopted to reconstruct the city centre of Beirut following the Lebanese civil war (1975- 1990). Post -war reconstruction needs to be seen as a process that carefully restores and preserves the urban fabric as well as culture and heritage, and it should not be perceived as continuation of war by different means.A major postulate of this thesis is that post -war reconstruction is not just a physical phenomenon and needs to follow a holistic perspective that fulfils people's needs, perceptions and values. In other words, it is the unification of four attributes: the physical, socio- cultural, perceptual and functional attributes. Public space imbued with these attributes, in which they have interrelated relationships perceived through the transactional perspective to be a holistic phenomenon. Space can be used to guide the ongoing process of post -war reconstruction, as well as the natural evolution and transformation of the environment. The research assumes that shared identity, cultural continuity and collective memory can be achieved through the transaction of people in the space. To fulfil the thesis objectives, theories and principles on public space are reviewed and examined. A contextual review of the war and post -war period of the city centre of Beirut uncovers major concerns regarding its reconstruction policies and strategies.Public opinion and preferences are elicited using an open -ended questionnaire. Cognitive mapping is also used to examine the collective memory of people about the city centre and its spaces. A comparative spatial analysis is also employed to identify changes in accessibility and integration levels between the pre and post -war spaces.The consequence of the research outcome confirms that public space, through the transaction of people, provides the principles, qualities and meanings that respond to the authentic cultural forces and shared values of people, and the civic character of the city, which existed before the war and can still be seen shaping life today.The thesis, however, follows a logical progression of four interrelated parts. These are:PART ONE includes two chapters. Chapter One reviews a wide spectrum of literature on urban design principles. Chapter Two introduces attributes of public space.PART TWO comprises two chapters. Chapter Three focuses on reviewing the historical evolution of the old settlement of Beirut and its spaces, while Chapter Four outlines the implications caused by the civil war and its post -war reconstruction.PART THREE introduces the empirical work of the research in three chapters. Chapter Five reviews and analyses the questionnaire survey responses and results of 37 respondents. Chapter Six analyses the cognitive maps of the respondents using Lynch's five elements of The Image of the City. Chapter Seven presents the spatial analysis of the city centre of Beirut using space syntax (visibility graph analysis technique).PART FOUR is the concluding chapter. Chapter Eight examines the research findings and restates the thesis approach by proposing a framework for implementation and outlining its major characteristics

NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DALAM SILEK TUO DI MINANGKABAU

Islamic education comprises three main aspects: aqidah (creed), ibadah (worship), and akhlak (morality). These aspects form the foundation of  Silek Tuo, a traditional martial art of Minangkabau. However, over time, the Islamic educational values within Silek Tuo have begun to fade. One contributing factor is the declining presence of tua silek (elder masters), leading to a disruption in the transmission of these values to future generations. Additionally, Silek Tuo has lost its appeal among the community, particularly among the youth, who tend to prefer foreign martial arts such as taekwondo, karate, judo, kung fu, and others. These martial arts prioritize competition over the understanding and internalization of the values inherent in Silek Tuo. Another factor is the diminishing love for ancestral culture, resulting in the loss of regional identity, especially in Minangkabau. Consequently, the dakwah (Islamic propagation) values within Silek Tuo are not being effectively conveyed

Optimization Of Eurycomanone Yield Using Response Surface Methodology By Water Extraction

Nutraceuticals and phytomedicines are largely used in pharmaceutical industry at this era. Phytomedicines are pharmaceuticals which made from plants which has significant property of treating some illnesses. Tongkat Ali, or eurycoma longifolia, is a traditional herb medicine used as aphrodisiac, general tonic, anti-Malaria, and anti-Pyreti. Nowadays, Tongkat Ali has become known globally due to its ability to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) and to improve sexual desire. Eurycomanon is a very important quassinoids found in Tongkat Ali extract which has a potential to be developed as complementary for anti-cancer therapy. In this research, extraction of eurycomanone from tongkat ali was performed according response surface methodology. Optimization of eurycomanone yield was obtained through central composite design (CCD). The maximum eurycomanone amount which is 0.559% was obtained at solvent to raw material ratio of 28.8:1 g/g, duration of extraction of 3 hour, and 0.054-0.154 mm of raw material

The Effect of Using Metacognitive Monitoring Strategy on Developing Reading Comprehension in English Language among Tenth Grade Students in North Eastern Badiah Directorate of Education

This study aimed at exploring the effect of using metacognitive monitoring strategy on developing reading comprehension in English language among tenth grade students in North Eastern Badiah directorate of education. The study used the quasi experimental design.The sample of the study consisted of 123 male and female students who were purposefully chosen from the tenth grade students at Alkaum Alahmer comprehensive secondary school for girls, Alkaum Alahmer comprehensive secondary school for boys, Um Aljemal comprehensive secondary school for girls and Um Aljemal comprehensive secondary school for boys. The experimental and control groups were assigned randomly. The groups of the study were found equivalent upon analyzing students\u27 scores on reading comprehension test using 2-way ANCOVA. The experimental groups were instructed using metacognitive monitoring program whereas, students of the control group were taught in the conventional way. A jury of judges was invited to comment on the reading test and the instructional program to establish their validity. At the end of the program, the researcher administered the reading comprehension test. Means and standard deviation for students\u27 scores on the reading comprehension test were calculated. Then 2- way ANCOVA was calculated to examine the effect of the strategy. The findings of the study revealed that there were statistically significant differences at (α =0.05) between students\u27 total achievement of the experimental groups and the control groups in the reading comprehension in favor of the experimental group and that there was no interaction between the use of metacognitive monitoring strategy and gender on tenth grade students\u27 reading comprehension. In the light of the findings, the researcher suggested some recommendations to The Ministry of Education and TEFL educators

An application of a centralized model predictive control on microgrids

International audienceIn this paper, a centralized model predictive control (MPC) is applied on a group of interconnected microgrids (MGs) with the main grid. The objective is to maximize the benefits for all the elements constituting the MGs in addition to the benefits of the main grid. The application of MPC in our study needs a forecasting information about energy prices, production power, and loads. The algorithm is tested on five interconnected MGs connected to the main grid. Results have shown the performance of the proposed algorithm, especially for the benefits of MG owners, the coordination between MGs while respecting of the constraints related to each one of them

Optimal centralized control application on microgrids

International audienc

Optimization of a microgrid with renewable energy and distributed generation: A case study

International audienceIn this paper an optimization algorithm is applied on a microgrid with renewable energy and distributed generation. The intermittent electricity in Lebanon leads to widely use diesel generator groups and to install renewable energy in private places in order to cover the consumption during the power cut. The proposed case study consists of three energy hubs integrating renewable energy, diesel engines, and batteries. These three energy hubs cooperate and exchange extra power if needed by applying the proposed algorithm while minimizing the use of diesel engine groups

The Role of Changes in Modern Industry Environment in the Development of New Techniques in the Field of Management Accounting - A Literature Review

Problem: The traditional management accounting methods are not capable any more to provide the requirements emerged from the subsequent changes in the modern industry environment, or to meet its needs of accounting information. So, it becomes necessary that management accounting copes with changes in the modern industry environment through developing the traditional methods or inventing new techniques that is in line with the changes in the environment of modern industry, and meets its requirements especially with regard to accounting information. Purpose: This study aims to identify the role of changes in modern industry environment in developing new techniques in the field of costs accounting then to describe the extent of the contribution of the invented techniques to meet the requirements produced by the changes in the modern industry environment. Approach/Method: the study focused on reviewing the available articles in academic journals and resources represented in university dissertations. Findings: it was found that the traditional cost accounting systems with its methods and tools are no longer respond to changes in the modern industry environment, and no longer be able to fulfill the requirements created by modern industry environment. The changes have contributed greatly to the development of the methods in the field of cost accounting that has the ability to fulfill the requirements created by these changes Conclusion: Management accounting has the foundations on which it could be developed naturally so as to keep up with the changes that occur in the surrounding systems, and has the ability to keep pace with developments posed by these changes and to deal with them efficiently. Changes in modern industry environment have contributed to the creation and development of techniques in a way that enables these techniques to respond to the requirements created by the changing environment

Lahirkan lebih ramai graduan TVET

PROGRAM Latihan Teknikal dan Vokasional (TVET) adalah proses pendidikan dan latihan yang mempunyai hala tuju pekerjaan dengan penekanan utama terhadap amalan industri

Hak pendidikan wanita Afghanistan

LANGKAH Kerajaan Afghanistan mengharamkan wanita untuk mendapatkan akses pendidikan dari sekolah menengah hingga ke peringkat universiti merupakan langkah terkebelakang dan mundur bagi sesebuah negara Islam yang progresif