Investigating viscous damping using a webcam

We describe an experiment involving a mass oscillating in a viscous fluid and analyze viscous damping of harmonic motion. The mechanical oscillator is tracked using a simple webcam and an image processing algorithm records the position of the geometrical center as a function of time. Interesting information can be extracted from the displacement-time graphs, in particular for the underdamped case. For example, we use these oscillations to determine the viscosity of the fluid. Our mean value of 1.08 \pm 0.07 mPa s for distilled water is in good agreement with the accepted value at 20\circC. This experiment has been successfully employed in the freshman lab setting.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure

Passive immunization using purified IgYs against infectious bursal disease of chickens in Pakistan

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute and highly contagious disease of young chickens caused by Birnavirus. Mortality of infected birds can be best prevented if injected with antibodies. The present study was an attempt to raise specific hyper-immune polyclonal antibodies against IBD virus in Pakistan. Commercial layers divided into four groups were injected with IBD vaccine subcutaneously according to four different treatment regimens. Eggs were collected daily and antibodies were purified from yolk with dextran sulphate. Titers of antibodies in serum and yolk were evaluated with enzyme linked immunosorbant assay and agar gel precipitation test. Antibody titers were significantly higher in yolk than serum. Eggs collected at 28 days post-vaccination had maximum antibody titers. Of treatment regimens, T3 was found to be most effective for hyperimmunization. Lyophilized antibodies stored at 4℃ did not lose their activity till the end of experiment. IBD virus infected birds were injected with purified antibodies which induced 92% recovery as compared to control birds. The study implicates that the purified antibodies may be useful as a therapeutic agent to cure IBD infected birds

Experimental determination of heat capacities and their correlation with quantum predictions

This article demonstrates an undergraduate experiment for the determination of specific heat capacities of various solids based on a calorimetric approach, where the solid vaporizes a measurable mass of liquid nitrogen. We demonstrate our technique for the metals copper and aluminum, the semi-metal graphite and also present the data in relation with Einstein's model of independent harmonic oscillators and the more accurate Debye model based on vibrational modes of a continuous crystal. Furthermore, we elucidate an interesting material property, the Verwey transition in magnetite occurring around 120-140 K. We also demonstrate that the use of computer based data acquisition and subsequent statistical averaging helps reduce measurement uncertainties.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures. Partially accepted in American Journal of Physics (2011

Association between Time to Thrombolysis and Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Patients with St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Unraveling the Relationship

OBJECTIVES To determine the association between time to thrombolysis and left ventricular (LV) systolic function in patients with ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). METHODOLOGY T This descriptive case series study compared the time to thrombolysis and LV systolic function of 149 STEMI patients. LV systolic function was evaluated following thrombolysis, and data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 software. This study was conducted at the Ayub Teaching Hospital Cardiology Department in Abbottabad from August 2022 to January 2023. RESULTS The study examined how LV systolic function and symptoms in STEMI patients related to when thrombolysis was administered. The 149 patients analyzed included 28 with normal LV function, 86 with mildly impaired function, 26 with moderately impaired function, and 9 with severely impaired function. In contrast to delayed thrombolysis, which was linked to higher levels of impairment, immediate thrombolysis was correlated with a higher percentage of normal LV function. The prevalence of patients with severely compromised LV function was also higher in those who received thrombolysis within 3 to 6 hours and 9 to 12 hours. LV function was correlated with the type of myocardial infarction, with varying degrees of impairment seen in AWMI and IWMI patients. Gender had no discernible effect on LV function. CONCLUSION Improved LV function is associated with early thrombolysis within hours of STEMI symptoms, highlighting the significance of prompt intervention and minimizing wait times for better patient outcomes

An overview of groundwater monitoring through point-to satellite-based techniques

Groundwater supplies approximately half of the total global domestic water demand. It also complements the seasonal and annual variabilities of surface water. Monitoring of groundwater fluctuations is mandatory to envisage the composition of terrestrial water storage. This research provides an overview of traditional techniques and detailed discussion on the modern tools and methods to monitor groundwater fluctuations along with advanced applications. The groundwater monitoring can broadly be classified into three groups. The first one is characterized by the point measurement to measure the groundwater levels using classical instruments and electronic and physical investigation techniques. The second category involves the extensive use of satellite data to ensure robust and cost-effective real-time monitoring to assess the groundwater storage variations. Many satellite data are in use to find groundwater indirectly. However, GRACE satellite data supported with other satellite products, computational tools, GIS techniques, and hydro-climate models have proven the most effective for groundwater resources management. The third category is groundwater numerical modeling, which is a very useful tool to evaluate and project groundwater resources in future. Groundwater numerical modeling also depends upon the point-based groundwater monitoring, so more research to improve point-based detection methods using latest technologies is required, as these still play the baseline role. GRACE and numerical groundwater modeling are suggested to be used conjunctively to assess the groundwater resources more efficiently

Advances in compact magnetic resonance : devices, methodologies, and investigations

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) are the most developed and commonly known facets of Magnetic Resonance (MR). This work explores compact MR strategies so that new directions for MRI and MRS may arise in the future. This thesis is divided into three parts, namely, Devices, Methodologies, and Investigations. Ten relaxometry devices are developed in Part I. Three devices are single sided while seven are closed sensors. Single sided sensors include the worlds smallest single sided sensor the S$^4$~MOUSE comparable to the old generation NMR-MOUSE but over 126 times smaller. Other single sided sensors include the $^{23}$Na NMR-MOUSE and the next generation Fourier NMR-MOUSE. Closed magnets include the worlds smallest $0.6$~cm$^3$ NMR probe that includes the magnets, noise shielding, the NMR coil, and the sample tube. Other prominent closed sensors include $1.6$~cm$^3$ 1 T NMR probe including magnets and a palm-top $^2$H sensor. New geometries are developed with different shimming strategies to achieve relaxometry, one of the strategies is now a patent. Part II of this work deals with simulation of 1D NMR signal based on stretched exponential approach and also implements a 2D correlation method `CPMG SWIET' to measure $D$-$T_2$ maps suitable for low SNR conditions. This part ends with a chapter on future methods, procedures, and strategies to move towards spectroscopy and elucidates a geometry with imaging-level homogeneity without prior shimming. Simulations of a 10 Tesla pineapple-sized magnet and 2D polarized magnet assemblies, and an idea of moving magnets to homogenize the field, among others, are key future directions for compact NMR. Part III deals with investigations performed using the NMR-MOUSE and its comparison with competitive techniques such as THz imaging and evanescent field dielectrometry

The Mechanical and Comfort Properties of Viscose with Cotton and Regenerated Fibers Blended Woven Fabrics

The increasing demand of cotton and low production rate to fulfill the world requirements has boosted the production of regenerated cellulose based fibers. The purpose of this work was to compare the performance and comfort properties of regenerated cellulose fibers. For this purpose, cotton, viscose, tencel, modal, bamboo and viscose fibers were taken. Cotton and viscose of 100% and blends (50:50) of viscose with cotton and regenerated fibers were taken. Normal yarn of count 20 tex was made and plain woven fabric samples were made and then pre-treated. The Warp-wise and weft-wise tensile and tear strengths were recorded. In addition, the tests of air-permeability, moisture management and thermal resistivity were performed It is found that the viscose:tencel and viscose:modal blends give better mechanical and comfort properties than all other blends. Also, it is found that viscose:cotton blend gives the lowest mechanical and comfort properties out of all studied fabrics. It is concluded that viscose makes more suitable blend with tencel and modal which outperforms in mechanical and comfort properties than other blends. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.24.2.18260</p