Clinical and metabolic characteristics of rs13429458 genotypes.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; T, testosterone; HOMA-IR, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein.</p><p>Clinical and metabolic characteristics of rs13429458 genotypes.</p

Clinical and metabolic characteristics of rs2479106 genotypes(n(%)).

<p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; T, testosterone; HOMA-IR, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein.</p><p>Clinical and metabolic characteristics of rs2479106 genotypes(n(%)).</p

Clinical and metabolic characteristics of rs13405728 genotypes.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; T, testosterone; HOMA-IR, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein.</p><p>*. <i>P</i> < 0.05</p><p>Clinical and metabolic characteristics of rs13405728 genotypes.</p

Clinical characteristics of PCOS and control group.

<p>All the women studied were during early follicular phase (between 3–5 days of the menstrual cycle). All data were expressed as mean±SD. Abbreviations: PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; BMI, body mass index; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; T, testosterone.</p><p>*. <i>P</i> < 0.05</p><p>**. <i>P</i> < 0.01</p><p>Clinical characteristics of PCOS and control group.</p

Chronic Pelvic Inflammation Diminished Ovarian Reserve as Indicated by Serum Anti Mülerrian Hormone

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To explore the potential damaging effect of chronic pelvic inflammation on ovarian reserve.</p><p>Design</p><p>Case-control study.</p><p>Patients</p><p>A total of 122 women with bilateral tubal occlusion, diagnosed by hysterosalipingography (HSG) and 217 women with normal fallopians were recruited.</p><p>Measurements</p><p>Serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), basic follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteining hormone (LH), estradiol (E₂), and testosterone (T) were measured; and antral follicle counts (AFCs) were recorded.</p><p>Results</p><p>Significantly lower level of AMH was observed in women with bilateral tubal occlusion compared to control group [2.62 (2.95) ng/ml vs. 3.37 (3.11) ng/ml, P = 0.03], and the difference remained after adjustment of BMI (P_adjust = 0.04). However, no statistical difference was found in the levels of FSH [7.00 (2.16) IU/L vs. 6.74 (2.30) IU/L], LH [4.18 (1.52) IU/L vs. 4.63 (2.52) IU/L], E₂ [35.95 (20.40) pg/ml vs. 34.90 (17.85) pg/ml], T [25.07±11.46 ng/dl vs. 24.84±12.75 ng/dl], and AFC [6.00 (4.00) vs. 7.00 (4.00)] between two groups (p>0.05).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Women with bilateral tubal occlusion showed decreased AMH level, suggesting that chronic pelvic inflammation may diminish ovarian reserve. More caution should be paid when evaluating the detriment of PID on female fertility.</p></div

Reduced Ectopic Pregnancy Rate on Day 5 Embryo Transfer Compared with Day 3: A Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To compare the risk of ectopic pregnancy (EP) after embryo transfer on day 3(D3-ET) and day 5(D5-ET).</p><p>Design</p><p>Meta-analysis</p><p>Patients</p><p>Women with pregnancy resulting from in vitro undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)</p><p>Result(s)</p><p>Twenty-two studies were identified through research conducted using the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases and ClinicalTrials.gov. All studies were conducted prior to October 2016. Adding the reproductive data from our center, a total of 143 643 pregnancies were reviewed(D3-ET: n = 62027,D5-ET:n = 81616). A lower EP rate was found in women undergoing D5-ET than in those undergoing D3-ET [relative risk (RR), 0.67;95% confidence interval (CI), 0.54–0.85;143643 pregnancies in 23 studies; I² = 67%]. These results were validated in subgroups of fresh embryo-transfer (Fre-ET) cycles [RR, 0.78; 95%CI, 0.69–0.88; 91 871 pregnancies in 21 studies; I² = 29%] and frozen-thawed embryo-transfer (Fro-ET) cycles [RR, 0.43; 95%CI, 0.36–0.51; 51 772 pregnancies in 10 studies; I² = 33%]. After separating out the randomized controlled trials (RCTs), a significant difference was found in the retrospective studies in both subgroups [both Fre-ET (RR,0.78;95% CI 0.69–0.88);91182 pregnancies in 14 studies; I² = 45%] and Fro-ET(RR,0.43;95% CI 0.36–0.51; 51751pregnancies in 9 studies;I² = 33%)], while the RCTs showed no statistical significance for Fre-ET cycles[RR,0.86;95% CI 0.32–2.26); 689 pregnancies in 7 studies; I² = 0%].</p><p>Conclusion(s)</p><p>The present study indicates that D5-ET reduces the risk for EP in cycles that use IVF or ICSI, compared with D3-ET. It suggests that D5-ET may be a better choice for decreasing the EP rate in assisted reproductive technology. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are anticipated.</p></div

Characteristics of all studies included in the systematic review.

<p>RCT: randomized controlled trial; IVF: in vitro fertilization; ICSI: intracytoplasmic sperm injection; CPR: Clinical pregnancy rate; EPR: ectopic pregnancy rate; OPR: Ongoing pregnancy rage; LBR: Live birth rate; MR: Miscarriage rate; DR: Delivery rate; IR: Implantation rate.</p

The expression of <i>NR5A1</i> and <i>NR5A2</i> after the induction of decidualization for 6 days.

<p>(A) The mRNA expression of <i>PRL</i> and <i>IGFBP1</i> after induction of decidualization. (B) The mRNA expression of <i>NR5A1</i> and <i>NR5A2</i>. (C) Bands representing NR5A1, NR5A2, and β-actin proteins on a western blot. (D) The relative expression levels of NR5A1 and NR5A2 to that of β-actin. The data were shown as mean ± SEM, <i>n</i> = 5, *<i>P</i> < 0.05, and **<i>P</i> < 0.01. Ctrl, control hESCs; db-cAMP+MPA, treated hESCs. PRL, prolactin; IGFBP1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1; *<i>P</i> < 0.05; **<i>P</i> < 0.01.</p

Comparison of parameters indicating ovarian reserve between cases and controls.

<p>Comparison of parameters indicating ovarian reserve between cases and controls.</p

Morphological changes of hESCs in the process of induced decidualization.

<p>(A), (B), and (C) show the morphology of control hESCs on days 0, 3, and 6. (D), (E), and (F) show the morphology of the induced hESCs on days 0, 3, and 6. Ctrl, control hESCs; db-cAMP+MPA, treated hESCs. Scale bars = 50 μm.</p