CloudEval-YAML: A Practical Benchmark for Cloud Configuration Generation

Among the thriving ecosystem of cloud computing and the proliferation of Large Language Model (LLM)-based code generation tools, there is a lack of benchmarking for code generation in cloud-native applications. In response to this need, we present CloudEval-YAML, a practical benchmark for cloud configuration generation. CloudEval-YAML tackles the diversity challenge by focusing on YAML, the de facto standard of numerous cloud-native tools. We develop the CloudEval-YAML benchmark with practicality in mind: the dataset consists of hand-written problems with unit tests targeting practical scenarios. We further enhanced the dataset to meet practical needs by rephrasing questions in a concise, abbreviated, and bilingual manner. The dataset consists of 1011 problems that take more than 1200 human hours to complete. To improve practicality during evaluation, we build a scalable evaluation platform for CloudEval-YAML that achieves a 20 times speedup over a single machine. To the best of our knowledge, the CloudEval-YAML dataset is the first hand-written dataset targeting cloud-native applications. We present an in-depth evaluation of 12 LLMs, leading to a deeper understanding of the problems and LLMs, as well as effective methods to improve task performance and reduce cost

Cytokine concentration in peripheral blood of patients with colorectal cancer

IntroductionThe role of tumour secretory cytokines and peripheral circulatory cytokines in tumour progression has received increasing attention; however, the role of tumour-related inflammatory cytokines in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. In this study, the concentrations of various cytokines in the peripheral blood of healthy controls and patients with CRC at different stages were compared.MethodsPeripheral blood samples from 4 healthy participants and 22 colorectal cancer patients were examined. Luminex beads were used to evaluate concentration levels of 40 inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood samples.ResultsIn peripheral blood, compared with healthy controls and early stage (I + II) CRC patients, advanced CRC (III + IV) patients had increased concentrations of mononuclear/macrophage chemotactic-related proteins (CCL7, CCL8, CCL15, CCL2, and MIF), M2 polarization-related factors (IL-1β, IL-4), neutrophil chemotactic and N2 polarization-related cytokines (CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL6, IL-8), dendritic cells (DCs) chemotactic-related proteins (CCL19, CCL20, and CCL21), Natural killer (NK) cell related cytokines (CXCL9, CXCL10), Th2 cell-related cytokines (CCL1, CCL11, CCL26), CXCL12, IL-2, CCL25, and CCL27, and decreased IFN-γ and CX3CL1 concentrations. The differential upregulation of cytokines in peripheral blood was mainly concentrated in CRC patients with distant metastasis and was related to the size of the primary tumour; however, there was no significant correlation between cytokine levels in peripheral blood and the propensity and mechanism of lymph node metastasis.DiscussionDifferent types of immune cells may share the same chemokine receptors and can co-localise in response to the same chemokines and exert synergistic pro-tumour or anti-tumour functions in the tumour microenvironment. Chemokines and cytokines affect tumour metastasis and prognosis and may be potential targets for treatment

Establishment of a chemokine-based prognostic model and identification of CXCL10+ M1 macrophages as predictors of neoadjuvant therapy efficacy in colorectal cancer

BackgroundAlthough neoadjuvant therapy has brought numerous benefits to patients, not all patients can benefit from it. Chemokines play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment and are closely associated with the prognosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. Therefore, constructing a prognostic model based on chemokines will help risk stratification and providing a reference for the personalized treatment.MethodsEmploying LASSO-Cox predictive modeling, a chemokine-based prognostic model was formulated, harnessing the data from TCGA and GEO databases. Then, our exploration focused on the correlation between the chemokine signature and elements such as the immune landscape, somatic mutations, copy number variations, and drug sensitivity. CXCL10+M1 macrophages identified via scRNA-seq. Monocle2 showed cell pseudotime trajectories, CellChat characterized intercellular communication. CytoTRACE analyzed neoadjuvant therapy stemness, SCENIC detected cell type-specific regulation. Lastly, validation was performed through multiplex immunofluorescence experiments.ResultsA model based on 15 chemokines was constructed and validated. High-risk scores correlated with poorer prognosis and advanced TNM and clinical stages. Individuals presenting elevated risk scores demonstrated an increased propensity towards the development of chemotherapy resistance. Subsequent scRNA-seq data analysis indicated that patients with higher presence of CXCL10+ M1 macrophages in tumor tissues are more likely to benefit from neoadjuvant therapy.ConclusionWe developed a chemokine-based prognostic model by integrating both single-cell and bulk RNA-seq data. Furthermore, we revealed epithelial cell heterogeneity in neoadjuvant outcomes and identified CXCL10+ M1 macrophages as potential therapy response predictors. These findings could significantly contribute to risk stratification and serve as a key guide for the advancement of personalized therapeutic approaches

Effects of Multi-Axial Compression on the Mechanical and Fretting Wear Properties of Ti-45Nb Alloys

Biocompatible β-type Ti-45Nb alloy with a low elastic modulus is promising in alleviating the stress shielding effect of Ti-based hard-tissue replacement implants. In this work, the ultra-fine-grained (UFG) microstructures with different grain sizes were prepared by multi-axial compression (MAC) processing of Ti-45Nb alloys, and the mechanical properties and the fretting wear properties of Ti-45Nb alloys in different grain sizes were investigated. The results show that the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the sample processed by 27 passes MAC increase by 76% and 91%, respectively, with an elongation of more than 9%. After MAC processing, the friction coefficient and volume wear rate gradually decrease. In addition, before MAC processing, the Ti-45Nb sample shows a wear mechanism of severe adhesive wear, oxidative wear and fatigue delamination; while after MAC processing, the wear mechanism switches to abrasive wear and slight adhesive wear with slight oxidative wear, indicating that grain refinement helps to improve the anti-fretting properties of Ti-45Nb alloys

Spatial Effects of Technological Progress and Financial Support on China’s Provincial Carbon Emissions

The spatial autocorrelation analysis method was applied to panel data from the provinces of China (including autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) for the period 2003 to 2016 in order to construct a spatial Durbin model of technological progress and financial support in relation to reductions in carbon emissions. The results show that China’s carbon intensity presents significant spatial spillover effects under different spatial weights, which indicates that the carbon intensity of a province is influenced not only by its own characteristics, but also by the carbon emission behaviors of geographically adjacent and economically similar provinces and regions. Financial structure, financial scale, and financial efficiency all have significant effects on carbon intensity within a province, while financial structure is also linked to carbon intensity in other regions, but financial scale has no significant spillover effect on carbon intensity in space. Areas with high financial efficiency can reduce their own carbon intensity as well as that of surrounding areas. The inter-regional spillover effect of technological progress on carbon intensity is stronger than the spillover effect, but there is a time lag

Projected impact of climate change on the effectiveness of the existing protected area network for biodiversity conservation within Yunnan Province, China

Climate change is projected to impact on biodiversity conservation and the effectiveness of the existing protected area network in biologically rich Yunnan Province of southwestern China. A statistically derived bioclimatic stratification is used to analyze projected bioclimatic conditions across Yunnan by the year 2050. The multi-model approach is based on an ensemble of CIMP5 Earth System Models, downscaled to a set of 1 km2 resolution climate projections (n = 63), covering four representative concentration pathways (RCP). Nine bioclimatic zones, composed of 33 strata, are currently found within Yunnan. By 2050, the mean elevation of these zones is projected to shift upwards by an average of 269 m, with large increases in area of the warmer zones, and decreases in the colder, higher elevation zones. Temperate and alpine areas of high biodiversity value are at risk. Displacement in the geographic distribution of bioclimatic conditions is likely to have substantial impact across all bioclimatic zones, vegetation types, and habitats currently found in Yunnan. On average, across all RCPs, 45% of the total combined area of the protected area network will shift to a completely different zone, with 83% shifting to a different strata. The great majority of protected area will experience substantially changed, spatially shifted, and novel bioclimatic conditions by 2050. The spatial displacement and upwards shifting of bioclimatic conditions indicates a prolonged period of significant ecological perturbation, which will have a major impact upon the conservation effectiveness of the established protected area network, and other conservation efforts across Yunnan

Understanding land use, livelihood and health transition of Tibetan nomads : case from Gangga Township, Dingri County, Tibetan Autonomous Region of China

Due to copyright restrictions, this item cannot be sharedThe Tibetan Nomads in the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China have undergone profound transitions in recent decades with important implications for conservation, livelihood and human health. The changes from traditional nomads to agro-pastoralists to permanent agriculture, a sedentary village life (known as ‘sendentarisation’) has been associated with a remarkable change in the dietary diversity and lifestyle with decline in space mobility, increase in food production and emergence of both infectious and chronic diseases. The overarching response of the government has been to emphasize on the infrastructure and technological solutions. The local adaptation strategy of Tibetan nomads through maintaining the balanced mobile herding, reindeer husbandry as well as off-farm labor and trade would cause both the environmental degradation as well as improving the well-being of the local people. Drawing on transdisciplinary approach a preliminary fieldwork in Gangga Township of Dingri County at the foothills of Mt. Everest, was conducted. A pertinent linkage between land use and human health, and spatial and temporal mismatch of livelihoods and healthcare services was identified in transition to sedentary village life. We suggest the emerging imperatives by using ecosystem approach to human health to help improve Tibetan livelihood in transition from nomads to sedentary life

Ginsenoside Rb1 does not halt osteoporotic bone loss in ovariectomized rats.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic skeletal disorder, manifesting with a reduction in bone mass and deterioration of the microarchitecture. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have an innate ability to differentiate into several cell types, including osteoblasts (OB). Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) is an ethanol extract from ginseng and contains a highly concentrated form of ginsenoside. GRb1 shows extensive beneficial health effects such as anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory functions, modulating the immune system and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. We hypothesized that GRb1 can promote MSC differentiation into OBs and inhibit bone loss. In the present study, we aimed to address two questions: (1) Will GRb1 have a positive effect on osteogenic differentiation of MSCs? and (2) Will GRb1 halt bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats? We investigated the effects of GRb1 on viability and osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs). Our results showed that GRb1 at concentrations of 10-8 M and 10-6 M can increase alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization and the expression of osteogenic related proteins, such as osteopontin and osteoprotegerin, while incubating rMSCs with osteogenic induction medium and GRb1. Adding GRb1 into the medium can prevent rMSCs from Oxidative damage at the concentration of 25μM H2O2. Furthermore, 40 4-month-old rats were assigned to 5 groups(8 rats per group): the basal group, the sham group, the OVX group, the high dose of GRb1 group (6 mg/kg/day) and the low dose of GRb1 group (3 mg/kg/day). Rats recrived treatment 3days after surgery and last for 14 weeks. Examinations included serum analysis, mechanical testing, Masson-Goldner trichrome staining and bone histomorphometry analysis. The results showed that OVX can lead to dyslipidemia and excessive oxidative stress, whereas GRb1 cannot significantly halt dyslipidemia and excessive oxidative stress in OVX rats. In addition, the bone density of the lumbar vertebra and femur were decreased significantly in the OVX rats, and GRb1 could not inhibit bone loss. Bone histomorphometry analysis showed that the number and width of bone trabecula of the tibia were reduced in OVX rats, and GRb1 could not prevent their occurrence. A bone biomechanics assay showed that GRb1 cannot improve the ability of bone structure to resist fracture of the femur in OVX rats. The current study demonstrated that GRb1 has an obvious effect on osteogenic differentiation in rMSCs but no obvious effect on bone loss in OVX rats. These findings indicate GRb1 has a positive effect on rMSCs but does not have an effect on bone loss in OVX rats at the concentration we used

Cutoffs of different body measurement indexes of central obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes

Abstract Few research discuss whether the body measurement indexs of obesity in general populations is applicable to patients with type 2 diabetes. We explore the optimal cutoffs of visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) in the diagnosis of central obesity and the cutoffs of corresponding waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Cross-sectional cohort study. 1057 patients with T2D (550 males and 507 females) aged 18 or above that satisfied the criteria were included. The definition and diagnostic criteria of Metabolic syndrome (Mets) were analyzed according to the 2020 Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) Guideline. The VFA and SFA were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The optimal VFA and SFA cutoffs and corresponding WC and BMI when two or more nonadipose components of MetS (without central obesity) were met were analyzed by ROC curve. Among all of the T2D patients, the optimal VFA cutoff for identifying two or more nonadipose components of MetS was 73.30 cm2 for females and 69.20 cm2 for males, while the optimal SFA cutoff was 186.70 cm2 for females and 123.30 cm2 for males. The ROC area under curve (AUC) of VFA for identifying two or more nonadipose components of MetS was higher than that of SFA (Female: 0.65 vs. 0.58, P = 0.01). The VFA cutoff of newly diagnosed T2D patients (females = 86.10 cm2, males = 69.00 cm2) was higher than that of non-newly diagnosed T2D patients (females = 73.30 cm2, males = 65.40 cm2). A stratification analysis of gender and whether newly diagnosed with T2D or not showed that the WCs corresponding to VFA were 85.00 cm and BMI was about 24.00 kg/m2. VFA measured by BIA can be a non-invasive method to detect central obesity in patients with T2D, the corresponding WC were 85.00 cm and BMI was 24.00 kg/m2