Using Interpretation Methods for Model Enhancement

In the age of neural natural language processing, there are plenty of works trying to derive interpretations of neural models. Intuitively, when gold rationales exist during training, one can additionally train the model to match its interpretation with the rationales. However, this intuitive idea has not been fully explored. In this paper, we propose a framework of utilizing interpretation methods and gold rationales to enhance models. Our framework is very general in the sense that it can incorporate various interpretation methods. Previously proposed gradient-based methods can be shown as an instance of our framework. We also propose two novel instances utilizing two other types of interpretation methods, erasure/replace-based and extractor-based methods, for model enhancement. We conduct comprehensive experiments on a variety of tasks. Experimental results show that our framework is effective especially in low-resource settings in enhancing models with various interpretation methods, and our two newly-proposed methods outperform gradient-based methods in most settings. Code is available at https://github.com/Chord-Chen-30/UIMER.Comment: EMNLP 202

Revealing the variation mechanism of ON 231 via the two-components shock-in-jet model

The variation mechanism of blazars is a long-standing unresolved problem. In this work, we present a scenario to explain diverse variation phenomena for ON 231, where the jet emissions are composed of the flaring and the less variable components (most probably from the post-flaring blobs), and the variation is dominated by shock-in-jet instead of the Doppler effect. We perform correlation analysis for the multiwavelength light curves and find no significant correlations. For optical band, ON 231 exhibits a harder when brighter (HWB) trend, and the trend seems to shift at different periods. Correspondingly, the correlation between polarization degree and flux exhibits a V-shaped behavior, and a similar translation relation during different periods is also found. These phenomena could be understood via the superposition of the flaring component and slowly varying background component. We also find that the slopes of HWB trend become smaller at higher flux levels, which indicates the energy-dependent acceleration processes of the radiative particles. For X-ray, we discover a trend transition from HWB to softer when brighter (SWB) to HWB. We consider that the X-ray emission is composed of both the synchrotron tail and the Synchrotron Self-Compton components, which could be described by two log-parabolic functions. By varying the peak frequency, we reproduce the observed trend transition in a quantitative manner. For $\gamma$-ray, we find the SWB trend, which could be explained naturally if a very-high-energy $\gamma$-ray background component exists. Our study elucidates the variation mechanism of intermediate synchrotron-peaked BL Lac objects.Comment: 19 pages, 12 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

elcome@12Impact of oxygen and nitrogen-containing species on performance of NO removal by coal pyrolysis gas

Coal pyrolysis gas is considered a promising reburn fuel with excellent NO reduction performance because of the present of nitrogen-containing species (HCN and NH3) in the pyrolysis gas. In this study, we explored the effects of oxygen and nitrogen-containing species on NO removal performance with HCN and NH3 by reactive force field (ReaxFF) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Results indicate that appropriately reducing O2 concentrations and increasing the amount of nitrogen-containing species can benefit the NO reduction performance by coal pyrolysis gas. In addition, the effects of oxygen and nitrogen-containing species content on the NO removal and mechanisms of NO consumption and N2 formation are illustrated during NO reduction with HCN and NH3, respectively. Finally, based on the simulations results, practical operating strategies are proposed to optimize the NO reduction efficiency. In summary, this study provides new insights into NO reduction performance, which may contribute to optimizing the operating parameters to decrease NOx emissions during coal combustion