Linguistic Map of "Breast" in Zhuang and Its Interpretations

The term “breast” is one of the basic words in a language. It has numerous lexical forms in Zhuang dialects, which can be divided into 13 groups. The lexical forms of the term “breast” can also be divided into five types, including n-, m-, p-, tɕ-, and ʔ-, based on initials. Geographical distribution and etymological research showed that different forms emerged because of influences such as internal innovation, borrowing, and tonal derivation. Additionally, the word “breast” is intimate to women and is inappropriate for direct address. Therefore, people frequently use borrowed or invented forms to avoid this taboo, which contributes to the overlap of many forms

Secondary-electron radiation accompanying hadronic GeV-TeV gamma-rays from supernova remnants

The synchrotron radiation from secondary electrons and positrons (SEPs) generated by hadronic interactions in the shock of supernova remnant (SNR) could be a distinct evidence of cosmic ray (CR) production in SNR shocks. Here we provide a method where the observed gamma-ray flux from SNRs, created by pion decays, is directly used to derive the SEP distribution and hence the synchrotron spectrum. We apply the method to three gamma-ray bright SNRs. In the young SNR RX J1713.7-3946, if the observed GeV-TeV gamma-rays are of hadronic origin and the magnetic field in the SNR shock is $B\gtrsim 0.5$mG, the SEPs may produce a spectral bump at $10^{-5}-10^{-2}$eV, exceeding the predicted synchrotron component of the leptonic model, and a soft spectral tail at $\gtrsim 100$keV, distinct from the hard spectral slope in the leptonic model. In the middle-aged SNRs IC443 and W44, if the observed gamma-rays are of hadronic origin, the SEP synchrotron radiation with $B\sim 400 - 500 \mu$G can well account for the observed radio flux and spectral slopes, supporting the hadronic origin of gamma-rays. Future microwave to far-infrared and hard X-ray (>100keV) observations are encouraged to constraining the SEP radiation and the gamma-ray origin in SNRs.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures and 1 table, MNRAS accepte

Entanglement concentration for unknown atomic entangled states via entanglement swapping

An entanglement concentration scheme for unknown atomic entanglement states is proposed via entanglement swapping in cavity QED. Because the interaction used here is a large-detuned one between two driven atoms and a quantized cavity mode, the effects of the cavity decay and thermal field have been eliminated. These advantages can warrant the experimental feasibility of the current scheme.Comment: 4 page

Half-Metallic Silicon Nanowires: Multiple Surface Dangling Bonds and Nonmagnetic Doping

By means of first-principles density functional theory calculations, we find that hydrogen-passivated ultrathin silicon nanowires (SiNWs) along [100] direction with symmetrical multiple surface dangling bonds (SDBs) and boron doping can have a half-metallic ground state with 100% spin polarization, where the half-metallicity is shown quite robust against external electric fields. Under the circumstances with various SDBs, the H-passivated SiNWs can also be ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic semiconductors. The present study not only offers a possible route to engineer half-metallic SiNWs without containing magnetic atoms but also sheds light on manipulating spin-dependent properties of nanowires through surface passivation.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Poly[[diaquabis(2,2′-bipyridine-κ2 N,N′)(μ3-5-hydroxyisophthalato-κ5 O 1,O 1′:O 3,O 3′:O 3′)(μ3-5-hydroxy­isophthalato-κ4 O 1,O 1′:O 3:O 3′)(μ2-5-hydroxyisophthalato-κ3 O 1,O 1′:O 3)didysprosium(III)] dihydrate]

The polymeric title compound, {[Dy2(C8H4O5)3(C10H8N2)2(H2O)2]·2H2O}n, contains two independent DyIII ions, both of which are nine-coordinated in a distorted tricapped trigonal–prismatic geometry. One DyIII ion is coordinated by five 5-hy­droxy­isophthalate (hip) ligands and one 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) ligand and the other by three hip ligands, one bpy ligand and two water mol­ecules. The DyIII ions are bridged by the carboxyl­ate groups of the hip ligands, forming a three-dimensional framework. O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are present in the crystal structure

Numerical study of synchrotron and inverse-Compton radiation from gamma-ray burst afterglows with decaying microturbulence

The multiwavelength observations of GRB afterglows, together with some high-performance particle-in-cell simulations, hint that the magnetic field may decay behind the shock front. In this work, we develop a numerical code to calculate the evolution of the accelerated electron distribution, their synchrotron and inverse-Compton (IC) spectra and accordingly the light curves (LCs) under the assumption of decaying microturbulence (DM) downstream of the shock, $\epsilon_B(t_p')\propto t_p'^{\alpha_t}$ with $t_p'$ the fluid proper time since injection. We find: (1) The synchrotron spectrum in the DM model is similar to that in the homogeneous turbulence (HT) model with very low magnetic field strength. However, the difference in the IC spectral component is relatively more obvious between them, due to the significant change of the postshock electron energy distribution with DM. (2) If the magnetic field decay faster, there are less electrons cool fast, and the IC spectral component becomes weaker. (3) The LCs in the DM model decay steeper than in the HT model, and the spectral evolution and the LCs in the DM model is similar to the HT model where the magnetic field energy fraction decreases with observer time, $\epsilon_B(t) \propto t^{5\alpha_t /8}$. (4) The DM model can naturally produce a significant IC spectral component in TeV energy range, but due to the Klein-Nishina suppression the IC power cannot be far larger than the synchrotron power. We apply the DM model to describe the afterglow data of GRB 190114C and find the magnetic field decay exponent $\alpha_t\sim -0.4$ and the electron spectral index $p\sim2.4$. Future TeV observations of the IC emission from GRB afterglows will further help to probe the poorly known microphysics of relativistic shocks.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, submitted to MNRAS, comments welcom