The Role of Phylogenetics as a Tool to Predict the Spread of Resistance

Drug resistance mutations emerge in genetic sequences of HIV through drug-selective pressure. Drug resistance can be transmitted. In this review we discuss phylogenetic methods used to study the emergence of drug resistance and the spread of resistant viruses

Origin of Low-Energy Excitations in Charge-Ordered Manganites

The low-energy excitations in the charge-ordered phase of polycrystalline La0.25Ca0.75MnO3 are explored by frequency-domain terahertz spectroscopy. In the frequency range from 4 cm^-1 to 700 cm^-1 (energies 0.4 meV to 90 meV) and at temperatures down to 5 K, we do not detect any feature that can be associated with the collective response of the spatially modulated charge continuum. In the antiferromagnetically ordered phase, broad absorption bands appear in the conductivity and permittivity spectra around 30 cm^-1 and 100 cm^-1 which are assigned to former acoustic phonons optically activated due to a fourfold superstructure in the crystal lattice. Our results indicate that characteristic energies of collective excitations of the charge-ordered phase in La0:25Ca0:75MnO3, if any, lie below 1 meV. At our lowest frequencies of only few wavenumbers a strong relaxation is observed above 100 K connected to the formation of the charge-ordered state.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

A Tri-National program for estimating the link between snow resources and hydrological droughts

To evaluate how summer low flows and droughts are affected by the winter snowpack, a Tri-National effort will analyse data from three catchments: Alpbach (Prealps, central Switzerland), Gudjaretis-Tskali (Little Caucasus, central Georgia), and Kamenice (Jizera Mountains, northern Czech Republic). Two GIS-based rainfall-runoff models will simulate over 10 years of runoff in streams based on rain and snowfall measurements, and further meteorological variables. The models use information on the geographical settings of the catchments together with knowledge of the hydrological processes of runoff generation from rainfall, looking particularly at the relationship between spring snowmelt and summer droughts. These processes include snow accumulation and melt, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge in spring that contributes to (the) summer runoff, and will be studied by means of the environmental isotopes 18O and 2H. Knowledge about the isotopic composition of the different water sources will allow to identify the flow paths and estimate the residence time of snow meltwater in the subsurface and its contribution to the stream. The application of the models in different nested or neighbouring catchments will explore their potential for further development and allow a better early prediction of low-flow periods in various mountainous zones across Europe. The paper presents the planned activities including a first analysis of already available dataset of environmental isotopes, discharge, snow water equivalent and modelling experiments of the (already) available datasets

Neurophysiological Changes in Patients with Discirculatory Encephalopathy Associated with Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Background. The most common chronic cerebrovascular pathology is dyscirculatory encephalopathy, in which a decrease in blood supply due to damage to brachiocephalic vessels leads to damage to brain substances and analyzers, including visual, with the possible development of severe damage in the form of ischemic optic neuropathy. Many studies have been devoted to the relationship between atherosclerotic damage to the neck vessels and ischemic damage to the visual organ, but little attention has been paid to the study of the functional activity of the altered visual analyzer in patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy, and the results are scattered. Aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of changes in neurophysiological parameters of the brain and visual analyzer in patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy and patients with a combination of dyscirculatory encephalopathy and ischemic optic neuropathy. Materials and methods. 34 patients with the 2nd stage of dyscirculatory encephalopathy were examined and divided into two groups based on the presence/absence of ischemic optic neuropathy of various prescription periods. All patients underwent ultrasound scanning of neck vessels, visual fields determination, electroretinography, visual evoked potentials, and electroencephalogram. Results. The results revealed changes in a number of indicators in the group of patients with a combination of two diseases: more pronounced atherosclerotic lesion of brachiocephalic vessels, a decrease in the amplitude and the alpharhythm prevalence index, a decrease in oscillatory potentials, a change in latency and amplitudes the visual analyzer according, lengthening of time indicators with a simultaneous decrease in amplitudes and depression of retinal sensitivity. Conclusion. Patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy complicated by ischemic optic neuropathy have a combined lesion of the brain and visual analyzer, which determines the severity of the detected changes and requires a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of these patients

Overview of experimental results in PbPb collisions at sqrt{s_NN} = 2.76 TeV by the CMS Collaboration

The CMS experiment at the LHC is a general-purpose apparatus with a set of large acceptance and high granularity detectors for hadrons, electrons, photons and muons, providing unique capabilities for both proton-proton and ion-ion collisions. The data collected during the November 2010 PbPb run at sqrt{s_NN} = 2.76 TeV was analyzed and multiple measurements of the properties of the hot and dense matter were obtained. Global event properties, detailed study of jet production and jet properties, isolated photons, quarkonia and weak bosons were measured and compared to pp data and Monte Carlo simulations.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, proceedings for Quark Matter 2011, Annecy, France, May 23-28, 201

Молекулярний дизайн біологічно активних похідних N-фенілантранілової кислоти за моделлю de nova

Most QSAR methods are based on determination of dependence of different types of biological activity of compounds on their physicochemical parameters, which determination is experimentally quite difficult, while those compounds that are calculated theoretically often have systematic deviations.Aim. To determine the increments of substituents in isostructural series of hydrazides and thiosemicarbazides of substituted N-phenylanthranilic acids for their anti-inflammatory activity by the empirical method on the de nova model.Results and discussion. The study was conducted for 18 thiosemicarbazide (batch 1) and 15 hydrazides (batch 2) of substituted N-phenylanthranilic acid. The increments calculated show that introduction of substituents in the anthranilic moiety of the thiosemicarbazide molecule increases the anti-inflammatory activity. The increments of substituents in the non-anthranilic fragment of the molecule have different signs and values, depending on the nature and position of the radical. Introduction of substituents (Cl-, NO2-) into the para-position of the anthranilic fragment of the molecule of N-phenylantranilic acid hydrazide increases the anti-inflammatory activity, while introduction of various substituents into the non-anthranilic fragment of the molecule causes both an increase and a decrease in lg P.Experimental part. The study of the anti-inflammatory activity was performed on the “formalin edema” model in rats using the oncometric method. The substances were administered orally in the form of a fine suspension stabilized by the emulsifier Tween-80 in the doses of 50 mg/kg of the animal body weight. The reference drug indomethacin was administered in the dose of 50 mg/kg.Conclusions. The increments of substituents in isostructural series of hydrazides and thiosemicarbazides of substituted N-phenylanthranilic acids have been determined by the empirical method. The dependence of the increments on the nature and position of substituents in molecules has been analyzed.Большинство QSAR-методов базируется на установлении зависимости различных видов биологической активности соединений от их физико-химических параметров, определение которых экспериментальнодовольно затруднительно, а рассчитанные теоретически зачастую имеют систематические отклонения.Цель работы – эмпирическим методом на модели «de nova» определить инкременты заместителей в изоструктурных рядах гидразидов и тиосемикарбазидов замещенных N-фенилантраниловых кислот ких противовоспалительной активности.                                                      Результаты и их обсуждение. Исследование проведено для 18 тиосемикарбазидов (1 серия) и 15 гидразидов (2 серия) замещенных N-фенилантраниловой кислоты. Рассчитанные инкременты показывают, что введение заместителей в антраниловую часть молекулы тиосемикарбазидов усиливает противовоспалительную активность. Инкременты заместителей в неантраниловом фрагменте молекулы имеют различные знаки и величины, зависящие от природы и положения радикала. Введение заместителей (Cl-, NO2-) в пара-положение антранилового фрагмента молекулы гидразида N-фенилантраниловой кислоты повышает противовоспалительную активность, а введение различных заместителей в неантраниловый фрагмент молекулы вызывает как увеличение, так и уменьшение lg П.                        Экспериментальная часть. Исследование противовоспалительной активности проводилось на модели «формалинового отека» у крыс онкометрическим методом. Вещества вводили перорально в виде тонкодисперсной суспензии, стабилизированной эмульгатором твином-80 в дозах 50 мг/кг массы тела животных. Препарат сравнения индометацин вводился в дозе 50 мг/кг. Выводы. Эмпирическим методом определены инкременты заместителей в изоструктурных рядах тиосемикарбазидов и гидразидов замещенных N-фенилантраниловых кислот. Проанализирована зависимость инкрементов от природы и положения заместителей в молекулах.Більшість QSAR-методів базується на встановленні залежності різних видів біологічної активності сполук від їх фізико-хімічних параметрів, визначення яких експериментально досить утруднене, а розраховані вони теоретично і найчастіше мають систематичні відхилення.Мета роботи – емпіричним методом за моделлю «de nova» визначити інкременти замісників в ізоструктурних рядах гідразидів та тіосемікарбазидів заміщених N-фенілантранілових кислот до їх протизапальної активності.        Результати та їх обговорення. Дослідження здійснювалось для 18 тіосемікарбазидів (1 серія) та 15 гідразидів (2 серія) заміщених N-фенілантранілової кислоти. Розраховані інкременти показують, що введення замісників до антранілової частини молекули тіосемікарбазидів підсилює протизапальну активність. Інкременти замісників у неантраніловому фрагменті молекули мають різні знаки та величини, що залежать від природи та положення радикалу. Введення до антранілового фрагменту молекули гідразиду N-фенілантранілової кислоти у пара-положення замісників (Cl-, NO2-) підвищує протизапальну активність, а введення різних замісників у неантраніловий фрагмент молекули викликає як збільшення, так і зменшення lg П.                                                                              Експериментальна частина. Вивчення протизапальної активності проводили на моделі «формалінового набряку» у щурів онкометричним методом. Речовини вводили перорально у вигляді тонкодиспергованої суспензії, стабілізованої емульгатором твіном-80 у дозах 50 мг/кг маси тіла тварин. Препарат порівняння індометацин вводився у дозі 50 мг/кг.                        Висновки. Емпіричним методом визначені інкременти замісників в ізоструктурних рядах тіосемікарбазидів та гідразидів заміщених N-фенілантранілових кислот. Проаналізовано залежність інкрементів від природи та положення замісників у молекулах

ORGANIZATION OF ANTIEPIDEMIC MEASURES AT THE PLACE OF «ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA» PATIENT RESIDING

Antiepidemic measures in Blagoveshchensk City of Amurskaya Province were carried out among persons contacted with a patient suspected to «atypical pneumonia» (further diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory methods). Chinese citizens were isolated at the hotel (at the place of their residing); close relatives of the patient were accommodated in the isolation ward of the Regional infectious hospital.  Russians were kept under observation at the place of their residing. The efficiency of the performed measures is marked

CLINIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF «ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA» FOCUS IN BLAGOVESHCHENSK, AMUR REGION

The substantiating of SARS diagnosis in patients (Blagoveshchensk, Amur Region) is presented. The diagnosis was based on the results of clinical picture, epidemiological anamnesis and inquiry, and laboratory study of the patient’s blood and nasopharyngeal washes with the help of ELISA and PCR