254 research outputs found
Two-tier Spatial Modeling of Base Stations in Cellular Networks
Poisson Point Process (PPP) has been widely adopted as an efficient model for
the spatial distribution of base stations (BSs) in cellular networks. However,
real BSs deployment are rarely completely random, due to environmental impact
on actual site planning. Particularly, for multi-tier heterogeneous cellular
networks, operators have to place different BSs according to local coverage and
capacity requirement, and the diversity of BSs' functions may result in
different spatial patterns on each networking tier. In this paper, we consider
a two-tier scenario that consists of macrocell and microcell BSs in cellular
networks. By analyzing these two tiers separately and applying both classical
statistics and network performance as evaluation metrics, we obtain accurate
spatial model of BSs deployment for each tier. Basically, we verify the
inaccuracy of using PPP in BS locations modeling for either macrocells or
microcells. Specifically, we find that the first tier with macrocell BSs is
dispersed and can be precisely modelled by Strauss point process, while Matern
cluster process captures the second tier's aggregation nature very well. These
statistical models coincide with the inherent properties of macrocell and
microcell BSs respectively, thus providing a new perspective in understanding
the relationship between spatial structure and operational functions of BSs
Characterizing Spatial Patterns of Base Stations in Cellular Networks
The topology of base stations (BSs) in cellular networks, serving as a basis
of networking performance analysis, is considered to be obviously distinctive
with the traditional hexagonal grid or square lattice model, thus stimulating a
fundamental rethinking. Recently, stochastic geometry based models, especially
the Poisson point process (PPP), attracts an ever-increasing popularity in
modeling BS deployment of cellular networks due to its merits of tractability
and capability for capturing nonuniformity. In this study, a detailed
comparison between common stochastic models and real BS locations is performed.
Results indicate that the PPP fails to precisely characterize either urban or
rural BS deployment. Furthermore, the topology of real data in both regions are
examined and distinguished by statistical methods according to the point
interaction trends they exhibit. By comparing the corresponding real data with
aggregative point process models as well as repulsive point process models, we
verify that the capacity-centric deployment in urban areas can be modeled by
typical aggregative processes such as the Matern cluster process, while the
coverage-centric deployment in rural areas can be modeled by representativ
Large-scale Spatial Distribution Identification of Base Stations in Cellular Networks
The performance of cellular system significantly depends on its network
topology, where the spatial deployment of base stations (BSs) plays a key role
in the downlink scenario. Moreover, cellular networks are undergoing a
heterogeneous evolution, which introduces unplanned deployment of smaller BSs,
thus complicating the performance evaluation even further. In this paper, based
on large amount of real BS locations data, we present a comprehensive analysis
on the spatial modeling of cellular network structure. Unlike the related
works, we divide the BSs into different subsets according to geographical
factor (e.g. urban or rural) and functional type (e.g. macrocells or
microcells), and perform detailed spatial analysis to each subset. After
examining the accuracy of Poisson point process (PPP) in BS locations modeling,
we take into account the Gibbs point processes as well as Neyman-Scott point
processes and compare their accuracy in view of large-scale modeling test.
Finally, we declare the inaccuracy of the PPP model, and reveal the general
clustering nature of BSs deployment, which distinctly violates the traditional
assumption. This paper carries out a first large-scale identification regarding
available literatures, and provides more realistic and more general results to
contribute to the performance analysis for the forthcoming heterogeneous
cellular networks
What is the best spatial distribution to model base station density? A deep dive into two european mobile networks
This paper studies the base station (BS) spatial distributions across different scenarios in urban, rural, and coastal zones, based on real BS deployment data sets obtained from two European countries (i.e., Italy and Croatia). Basically, this paper takes into account different representative statistical distributions to characterize the probability density function of the BS spatial density, including Poisson, generalized Pareto, Weibull, lognormal, and \alpha -Stable. Based on a thorough comparison with real data sets, our results clearly assess that the \alpha -Stable distribution is the most accurate one among the other candidates in urban scenarios. This finding is confirmed across different sample area sizes, operators, and cellular technologies (GSM/UMTS/LTE). On the other hand, the lognormal and Weibull distributions tend to fit better the real ones in rural and coastal scenarios. We believe that the results of this paper can be exploited to derive fruitful guidelines for BS deployment in a cellular network design, providing various network performance metrics, such as coverage probability, transmission success probability, throughput, and delay
Rethinking Modern Communication from Semantic Coding to Semantic Communication
Modern communications are usually designed to pursue a higher bit-level
precision and fewer bits while transmitting a message. This article rethinks
these two major features and introduces the concept and advantage of semantics
that characterizes a new kind of semantics-aware communication framework,
incorporating both the semantic encoding and the semantic communication
problem. After analyzing the underlying defects of existing semantics-aware
techniques, we establish a confidence-based distillation mechanism for the
joint semantics-noise coding (JSNC) problem and a reinforcement learning
(RL)-powered semantic communication paradigm that endows a system the ability
to convey the semantics instead of pursuing the bit level accuracy. On top of
these technical contributions, this work provides a new insight to understand
how the semantics are processed and represented in a semantics-aware coding and
communication system, and verifies the significant benefits of doing so.
Targeted on the next generation's semantics-aware communication, some critical
concerns and open challenges such as the information overhead, semantic
security and implementation cost are also discussed and envisioned.Comment: Accepted by IEEE Wireless Communication
Exploration of the shared pathways and common biomarker PAN3 in ankylosing spondylitis and ulcerative colitis using integrated bioinformatics analysis
BackgroundUlcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic autoimmune-related disease that causes inflammation of the intestine. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common extraintestinal complication of UC involving the sacroiliac joint. However, the pathogenesis of AS secondary to UC has not been studied. This study aimed to investigate the shared pathways and potential common biomarkers of UC and AS.MethodsMicroarray data downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the UC and AS datasets. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify co-expression modules related to UC and AS. Shared genes were then further analyzed for functional pathway enrichment. Next, the optimal common biomarker was selected using SVM-RFF and further validated using two independent GEO datasets. Finally, immune infiltration analysis was used to investigate the correlation of immune cell infiltration with common biomarkers in UC and AS.ResultsA total of 4428 and 2438 DEGs in UC and AS, respectively, were screened. Four modules were identified as significant for UC and AS using WGCNA. A total of 25 genes overlapped with the strongest positive and negative modules of UC and AS. KEGG analysis showed these genes may be involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. GO analysis indicated that these genes were significantly enriched for RNA localization. PAN3 was selected as the optimal common biomarker for UC and AS. Immune infiltration analysis showed that the expression of PAN3 was correlated with changes in immune cells.ConclusionThis study first explored the common pathways and genetic diagnostic markers involved in UC and AS using bioinformatic analysis. Results suggest that the MAPK signaling pathway may be associated with both pathogeneses and that PAN3 may be a potential diagnostic marker for patients with UC complicated by AS
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