Elimination kinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride in milk after an 8-day extended intramammary administration in healthy and infected cows.

Ceftiofur hydrochloride (CEF) is occasionally used for the intramammary (IMM) treatment of mastitis. This extralabel manner could result in a drug-residue violation of the milk. The objective of this study was to determine the elimination kinetics of IMM CEF in lactating dairy cattle. The pharmacokinetic profile of CEF after repeated IMM administration in nine healthy cows and nine Staphylococcus aureus infected cows was investigated, alongside determining the MICs of Staph. aureus field strains. The MIC 90 value for CEF in Staph. aureus field strains (n = 31) was 0.25 μg/mL. The t >MIC CEF values for low- production quarters were longer than those for high- and mid- production quarters. The results showed that ceftiofur was detected in milk up to 108 h after the last infusion in both healthy and infected cows. Cows with low milk production eliminate IMM drugs more slowly than cows with higher production. Our findings suggest that this extralabel use is not encouraged and a prudent use is recommended for mastitis therapy. The use of CEF should be reserved for infections where susceptibility tests indicate its efficacy and when alternatives are not available

Adenylsuccinate Synthetase MoADE12 Plays Important Roles in the Development and Pathogenicity of the Rice Blast Fungus

Purines are basic components of nucleotides in living organisms. In this study, we identified the ortholog of adenylosuccinate synthase MoADE12 in Magnaporthe oryzae by screening for growth-defective T-DNA insertional mutants. Gene replacement was performed to investigate the biological role of MoADE12. Δmoade12 mutants were adenine auxotrophs that failed to produce conidia, and showed reduced perithecia formation and pathogenicity. Moreover, the Δmoade12 mutant was hypersensitive to Congo red and oxidants, indicating that MoADE12 was required for cell wall integrity and oxidative stress resistance. Transcriptomic analysis identified the underlying mechanisms and indicated that several pathogenicity-related genes were regulated in the Δmoade12 mutant. Therefore, our data suggest that the adenylosuccinate synthase MoADE12 is involved in the de novo AMP biosynthesis pathway and is important for conidiation and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus

Identification markers of goat milk adulterated with bovine milk based on proteomics and metabolomics

This study investigated the differences in proteins and metabolites from goat and bovine milk, and their mixtures, using data-independent-acquisition-based proteomics and metabolomics methods. In the skim milk, relative abundances of secretoglobin family 1D member (SCGB1D), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 were increased, with an increase in the amount of 1–100 % bovine milk and served as markers at the 1 % adulteration level. In whey samples, β-lactoglobulin and α-2-HS-glycoprotein could be used to detect adulteration at the 0.1 % adulteration level, and SCGB1D and zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein at the 1 % level. The metabolites of uric acid and N-formylkynurenine could be used to detect bovine milk at adulteration levels as low as 1 % based on variable importance at a projection value of > 1.0 and P-value of < 0.05. Our findings suggest novel markers of SCGB1D, uric acid, and N-formylkynurenine that can help to facilitate assessments of goat milk authenticity

Mean-serum concentration (±SD) in healthy (<i>n</i> = 3) and infected (<i>n</i> = 3) cows administered eight intramammary infusions of ceftiofur hydrochloride at a dose of 125 mg/quarter each 24 h.

<p>Arrows indicate time of daily infusion of ceftiofur into all four quarters.</p

Milk concentration in nine infected lactating cows' quarters with high (<i>n</i> = 10), mid (<i>n</i> = 10) and low (<i>n</i> = 11) production after eight infusions of ceftiofur hydrochloride at 24-h intervals, 125 mg/quarter, into all four quarters, plotted with MIC ₉₀ (0.25 μg/mL).

<p>Milk concentration in nine infected lactating cows' quarters with high (<i>n</i> = 10), mid (<i>n</i> = 10) and low (<i>n</i> = 11) production after eight infusions of ceftiofur hydrochloride at 24-h intervals, 125 mg/quarter, into all four quarters, plotted with MIC ₉₀ (0.25 μg/mL).</p

Milk concentration in nine healthy lactating cows' quarters with high (<i>n</i> = 11), mid (<i>n</i> = 12) and low (<i>n</i> = 10) production after eight infusions of ceftiofur hydrochloride at 24-h intervals, 125 mg/quarter, into all four quarters, plotted with MIC ₉₀ (0.25 μg/mL).

<p>Milk concentration in nine healthy lactating cows' quarters with high (<i>n</i> = 11), mid (<i>n</i> = 12) and low (<i>n</i> = 10) production after eight infusions of ceftiofur hydrochloride at 24-h intervals, 125 mg/quarter, into all four quarters, plotted with MIC ₉₀ (0.25 μg/mL).</p

MoDHX35, a DEAH-Box Protein, Is Required for Appressoria Formation and Full Virulence of the Rice Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae

The DExD/H-box protein family encompasses a large number of RNA helicases that are involved in RNA metabolism and a variety of physiological functions in different species. However, there is limited knowledge of whether DExD/H-box proteins play a role in the pathogenicity of plant fungal pathogens. In the present work, the DExD/H-box protein MoDHX35, which belongs to the DEAH subfamily, was shown to be crucial in appressoria formation and full virulence of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. The predicted protein sequence of MoDHX35 had typical DEAH-box domains, showed 47% identity to DHX35 in Homo species, but had no orthologs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of the MoDHX35 gene resulted in reduced tolerance of the mutants to doxorubicin, a nucleic acid synthesis disturbing agent, suggesting the involvement of MoDHX35 in RNA metabolism. MoDHX35-deleted mutants exhibited normal vegetative growth, conidia generation and conidial germination, but showed a reduced appressorium formation rate and attenuated virulence. Our work demonstrates the involvement of DEAH-box protein functions in the pathogenicity of plant fungal pathogens