Fundus photographs processed by SIVA version 3.0 software.

<p>Test zone was 0.5- to 2.0-disc diameters away from the optic disc margin. A red line represents an artery and a blue line represents a vein. Fractal dimension, D(f), is a complexity indicator determined by reactive vessels obtained from vascular tracking through the box counting dimension method.</p

Simple and multiple linear regression analyses for CRAE.

<p>BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PP, pulse pressure; HR, heart rate; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; CRAE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE, central retinal venular equivalent; D(f), retinal vascular fractal dimension.</p><p><i>β</i> (95% CI): regression coefficient and 95% confidence interval.</p><p>*<i>P</i><0.05 indicates a significant association with CRAE.</p>†<p>Log transformation was applied.</p><p>The R² for the multivariable regression model was 0.1621.</p><p>Simple and multiple linear regression analyses for CRAE.</p

Simple and multiple linear regression analyses for D(f).

<p>BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PP, pulse pressure; HR, heart rate; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; CRAE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE, central retinal venular equivalent; D(f), retinal vascular fractal dimension.</p><p><i>β</i> (95% CI): regression coefficient and 95% confidence interval.</p><p>*<i>P</i><0.05 indicates a significant association with D(f).</p>†<p>Log transformation was applied.</p><p>The R² for the multivariable regression model was 0.2031.</p><p>Simple and multiple linear regression analyses for D(f).</p

Characteristics of study subjects (n = 2,169).

<p>Continuous variables were reported as mean ± deviation (SD) and categorical variables as count (%).</p><p>BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PP, pulse pressure; HR, heart rate; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; CRAE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE, central retinal venular equivalent; D(f), retinal vascular fractal dimension.</p><p>Hypertension: SBP≥140 mm Hg and DBP≥90 mm Hg, with or without medication. This group (<i>n</i> = 819) included subjects who were previously diagnosed (<i>n</i> = 738) and those diagnosed in this study based on the criteria above (<i>n</i> = 81).</p><p>Pre-hypertension: SBP 120–139 mm Hg and DBP 80–89 mm Hg without medication. Normal: SBP<120 mm Hg and DBP<80 mm Hg. Hypertension history was self-reported based on the questionnaire.</p><p>Characteristics of study subjects (n = 2,169).</p