Research on Risk Prediction and Early Warning of Human Resource Management Based on Machine Learning and Ontology Reasoning

Talent is the first resource, the development of the enterprise to retain key talent is essential, the main research is based on machine learning and ontological reasoning, human resources analysis and management risk prediction and early warning methods, first of all, according to the specific situation and the target case, through the calculation of the similarity of the concept name and attribute of the similarity assessment of the source case in the case library, the matching of knowledge-based employees of the company\u27s case for the similarity prediction and human resources management risk prediction research. Then, according to the evaluation results, we can find out the most suitable job matches in specific risk problems and situations. This is a solution to the target cases and criteria for companies to evaluate candidates. Second, we have successfully developed and implemented a prediction model that applies machine learning to the early warning study of risk prediction for HR management. The model is optimized with a cross-validation function, and the convergence of the model training is accelerated by the regularization of Newton\u27s iterative method. Finally, our prediction model achieved 82% yield. Ontological reasoning and machine learning are promising in human resource management risk prediction and warning, which is proved by the high accuracy rate verified by examples. Finally, we analyze the proposed results of HRM risk prediction and early warning to contribute to the improvement of risk control and suggest measures for possible risks

Shotgun lipidomics identifies a paired rule for the presence of isomeric ether phospholipid molecular species

BACKGROUND: Ether phospholipids are abundant membrane constituents present in electrically active tissues (e.g., heart and the brain) that play important roles in cellular function. Alterations of ether phospholipid molecular species contents are associated with a number of genetic disorders and human diseases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Herein, the power of shotgun lipidomics, in combination with high mass accuracy/high resolution mass spectrometry, was explored to identify a paired rule for the presence of isomeric ether phospholipid molecular species in cellular lipidomes. The rule predicts that if an ether phospholipid A′-B is present in a lipidome, its isomeric counterpart B′-A is also present (where the ′ represents an ether linkage). The biochemical basis of this rule results from the fact that the enzymes which participate in either the sequential oxidation of aliphatic alcohols to fatty acids, or the reduction of long chain fatty acids to aliphatic alcohols (metabolic precursors of ether lipid synthesis), are not entirely selective with respect to acyl chain length or degree of unsaturation. Moreover, the enzymatic selectivity for the incorporation of different aliphatic chains into the obligatory precursor of ether lipids (i.e., 1-O-alkyl-glycero-3-phosphate) is also limited. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This intrinsic amplification of the number of lipid molecular species present in biological membranes predicted by this rule and demonstrated in this study greatly expands the number of ether lipid molecular species present in cellular lipidomes. Application of this rule to mass spectrometric analyses provides predictive clues to the presence of specific molecular species and greatly expands the number of identifiable and quantifiable ether lipid species present in biological samples. Through appropriate alterations in the database, use of the paired rule increases the number of identifiable metabolites in metabolic networks, thereby facilitating identification of biomarkers presaging disease states

Shotgun Lipidomics Identifies a Paired Rule for the Presence of Isomeric Ether Phospholipid Molecular Species

Ether phospholipids are abundant membrane constituents present in electrically active tissues (e.g., heart and the brain) that play important roles in cellular function. Alterations of ether phospholipid molecular species contents are associated with a number of genetic disorders and human diseases.Herein, the power of shotgun lipidomics, in combination with high mass accuracy/high resolution mass spectrometry, was explored to identify a paired rule for the presence of isomeric ether phospholipid molecular species in cellular lipidomes. The rule predicts that if an ether phospholipid A'-B is present in a lipidome, its isomeric counterpart B'-A is also present (where the ' represents an ether linkage). The biochemical basis of this rule results from the fact that the enzymes which participate in either the sequential oxidation of aliphatic alcohols to fatty acids, or the reduction of long chain fatty acids to aliphatic alcohols (metabolic precursors of ether lipid synthesis), are not entirely selective with respect to acyl chain length or degree of unsaturation. Moreover, the enzymatic selectivity for the incorporation of different aliphatic chains into the obligatory precursor of ether lipids (i.e., 1-O-alkyl-glycero-3-phosphate) is also limited.This intrinsic amplification of the number of lipid molecular species present in biological membranes predicted by this rule and demonstrated in this study greatly expands the number of ether lipid molecular species present in cellular lipidomes. Application of this rule to mass spectrometric analyses provides predictive clues to the presence of specific molecular species and greatly expands the number of identifiable and quantifiable ether lipid species present in biological samples. Through appropriate alterations in the database, use of the paired rule increases the number of identifiable metabolites in metabolic networks, thereby facilitating identification of biomarkers presaging disease states

Representative negative-ion ESI/MS analyses of individual ethanolamine glycerophospholipid molecular species in mouse cerebellar lipid extracts.

<p>Mouse cerebellar lipid extracts were prepared by a modified Bligh and Dyer procedure <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001368#pone.0001368-Bligh1" target="_blank">[21]</a>. Spectrum A was acquired in the negative-ion mode by using a QqQ mass spectrometer directly from a lipid extract that was diluted to less than 50 pmol of total lipids/µl after addition of approximately 25 pmol LiOH/µl to the lipid solution. Spectrum B was taken in the negative-ion mode after the diluted lipid solution used in spectrum A was treated with acid vapor and a small amount of LiOH (approximately 25 pmol LiOH/µl) was added to the infused solution. Spectrum C was acquired in the negative-ion mode as that of spectrum A but in the precursor-ion mode. The tandem mass spectrometry of precursor-ion scanning of 196 Th (i.e., phosphoethanolamine) was conducted through scanning the first quadrupole in the interested mass range and monitoring the third quadruple with the ion at <i>m/z</i> 196 while collision activation was performed in the second quadrupole at collision energy of 50 eV. Spectrum D was acquired in the negative-ion mode directly from a diluted mouse cerebellum lipid extract after addition of Fmoc chloride as previously described <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001368#pone.0001368-Han5" target="_blank">[16]</a>. Spectrum E was acquired in the negative-ion mode as that of spectrum D but in the neutral loss mode. Tandem mass spectrometry of neutral loss scanning was conducted through coordinately scanning the first and third quadrupoles with a mass difference of 222.2 u (i.e., loss of a Fmoc) while collisional activation was performed in the second quadrupole at collision energy of 32 eV. “IS” denotes internal standard. All mass spectral traces are displayed after normalization to the base peak in each individual spectrum. All spectra are displayed after being normalized to the base peak in individual spectrum.</p

Identification and analyses of individual molecular species present in purified bovine heart ethanolamine glycerophospholipid^a.

a<p>Bovine heart lipids were extracted by a modified Bligh and Dyer procedure <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001368#pone.0001368-Bligh1" target="_blank">[21]</a> and the ethanolamine phospholipid (PtdEtn) fraction was separated by using HPLC as previously described <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001368#pone.0001368-Gross3" target="_blank">[23]</a>. Analyses of PtdEtn molecular species were performed in the negative-ion mode by using an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer with an electrospray ion source. The determined monoisotopic masses (column 1) of PtdEtn molecular species were externally calibrated relative to the base peak. The molecular formulas listed in column 2 were derived from accurate mass analyses of monoisotopic mass and were grouped into each isobaric mass. The prefix “a”, “d”, and “p” stand for alkyl-acyl PtdEtn, diacyl PtdEtn, and plasmalogen PtdEtn, respectively. The relative abundance listed in column 3 was normalized to the isobaric base peak of the ion at <i>m/z</i> 766.5 after ¹³C de-isotoping and represents X±SD of at least four different analyses. The notation m∶n represents the fatty acyl (or ether aliphatic) chain containing m carbons and n double bonds. The numbers in the parentheses represent the relative composition of each individual molecular species of an isobaric ion. The symbols of “<” and “>” indicate that the data represent the best estimation from the analyses.</p>b<p>Identification of individual pPtdEtn molecular species was performed based on both accurate mass analyses and acidic vapor treatment. Identification of individual aPtdEtn molecular species was performed based on the accurate mass analyses, the paired rule, and the information of the identified pPtdEtn counterparts as discussed in the text. Identification of individual dPtdEtn molecular species was conducted solely based on accurate mass analyses. The abundance of each of the paired dPtdEtn molecular species cannot be accurately determined at the current stage of lipidomic technology.</p

Representative negative-ion ESI/MS analyses of bovine heart ethanolamine glycerophospholipid molecular species.

<p>Bovine heart lipids were extracted by a modified Bligh and Dyer procedure <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001368#pone.0001368-Bligh1" target="_blank">[21]</a> and the PtdEtn fraction was separated by using HPLC with a cation-exchange column as previously described <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001368#pone.0001368-Gross3" target="_blank">[23]</a>. Analyses of PtdEtn molecular species were performed in the negative-ion mode by using an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with a Nanomate device as described under “<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001368#s2" target="_blank">MATERIALS AND METHODS</a>”.</p