139 research outputs found
SurrogatePrompt: Bypassing the Safety Filter of Text-To-Image Models via Substitution
Advanced text-to-image models such as DALL-E 2 and Midjourney possess the
capacity to generate highly realistic images, raising significant concerns
regarding the potential proliferation of unsafe content. This includes adult,
violent, or deceptive imagery of political figures. Despite claims of rigorous
safety mechanisms implemented in these models to restrict the generation of
not-safe-for-work (NSFW) content, we successfully devise and exhibit the first
prompt attacks on Midjourney, resulting in the production of abundant
photorealistic NSFW images. We reveal the fundamental principles of such prompt
attacks and suggest strategically substituting high-risk sections within a
suspect prompt to evade closed-source safety measures. Our novel framework,
SurrogatePrompt, systematically generates attack prompts, utilizing large
language models, image-to-text, and image-to-image modules to automate attack
prompt creation at scale. Evaluation results disclose an 88% success rate in
bypassing Midjourney's proprietary safety filter with our attack prompts,
leading to the generation of counterfeit images depicting political figures in
violent scenarios. Both subjective and objective assessments validate that the
images generated from our attack prompts present considerable safety hazards.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figure
ChatRadio-Valuer: A Chat Large Language Model for Generalizable Radiology Report Generation Based on Multi-institution and Multi-system Data
Radiology report generation, as a key step in medical image analysis, is
critical to the quantitative analysis of clinically informed decision-making
levels. However, complex and diverse radiology reports with cross-source
heterogeneity pose a huge generalizability challenge to the current methods
under massive data volume, mainly because the style and normativity of
radiology reports are obviously distinctive among institutions, body regions
inspected and radiologists. Recently, the advent of large language models (LLM)
offers great potential for recognizing signs of health conditions. To resolve
the above problem, we collaborate with the Second Xiangya Hospital in China and
propose ChatRadio-Valuer based on the LLM, a tailored model for automatic
radiology report generation that learns generalizable representations and
provides a basis pattern for model adaptation in sophisticated analysts' cases.
Specifically, ChatRadio-Valuer is trained based on the radiology reports from a
single institution by means of supervised fine-tuning, and then adapted to
disease diagnosis tasks for human multi-system evaluation (i.e., chest,
abdomen, muscle-skeleton, head, and maxillofacial neck) from six different
institutions in clinical-level events. The clinical dataset utilized in this
study encompasses a remarkable total of \textbf{332,673} observations. From the
comprehensive results on engineering indicators, clinical efficacy and
deployment cost metrics, it can be shown that ChatRadio-Valuer consistently
outperforms state-of-the-art models, especially ChatGPT (GPT-3.5-Turbo) and
GPT-4 et al., in terms of the diseases diagnosis from radiology reports.
ChatRadio-Valuer provides an effective avenue to boost model generalization
performance and alleviate the annotation workload of experts to enable the
promotion of clinical AI applications in radiology reports
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy vs Alteplase for Patients With Minor Nondisabling Acute Ischemic Stroke
Importance
Intravenous thrombolysis is increasingly used in patients with minor stroke, but its benefit in patients with minor nondisabling stroke is unknown.
Objective
To investigate whether dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is noninferior to intravenous thrombolysis among patients with minor nondisabling acute ischemic stroke.
Design, Setting, and Participants
This multicenter, open-label, blinded end point, noninferiority randomized clinical trial included 760 patients with acute minor nondisabling stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score ≤5, with ≤1 point on the NIHSS in several key single-item scores; scale range, 0-42). The trial was conducted at 38 hospitals in China from October 2018 through April 2022. The final follow-up was on July 18, 2022.
Interventions
Eligible patients were randomized within 4.5 hours of symptom onset to the DAPT group (n = 393), who received 300 mg of clopidogrel on the first day followed by 75 mg daily for 12 (±2) days, 100 mg of aspirin on the first day followed by 100 mg daily for 12 (±2) days, and guideline-based antiplatelet treatment until 90 days, or the alteplase group (n = 367), who received intravenous alteplase (0.9 mg/kg; maximum dose, 90 mg) followed by guideline-based antiplatelet treatment beginning 24 hours after receipt of alteplase.
Main Outcomes and Measures
The primary end point was excellent functional outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 or 1 (range, 0-6), at 90 days. The noninferiority of DAPT to alteplase was defined on the basis of a lower boundary of the 1-sided 97.5% CI of the risk difference greater than or equal to −4.5% (noninferiority margin) based on a full analysis set, which included all randomized participants with at least 1 efficacy evaluation, regardless of treatment group. The 90-day end points were assessed in a blinded manner. A safety end point was symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage up to 90 days.
Results
Among 760 eligible randomized patients (median [IQR] age, 64 [57-71] years; 223 [31.0%] women; median [IQR] NIHSS score, 2 [1-3]), 719 (94.6%) completed the trial. At 90 days, 93.8% of patients (346/369) in the DAPT group and 91.4% (320/350) in the alteplase group had an excellent functional outcome (risk difference, 2.3% [95% CI, −1.5% to 6.2%]; crude relative risk, 1.38 [95% CI, 0.81-2.32]). The unadjusted lower limit of the 1-sided 97.5% CI was −1.5%, which is larger than the −4.5% noninferiority margin (P for noninferiority <.001). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage at 90 days occurred in 1 of 371 participants (0.3%) in the DAPT group and 3 of 351 (0.9%) in the alteplase group.
Conclusions and Relevance
Among patients with minor nondisabling acute ischemic stroke presenting within 4.5 hours of symptom onset, DAPT was noninferior to intravenous alteplase with regard to excellent functional outcome at 90 days.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0366141
Study of the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed decays and
Based on 7.33 fb of collision data collected at
center-of-mass energies between 4.128 and 4.226 GeV with the BESIII detector,
the experimental studies of the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed decays and are reported. We determine the
absolute branching fraction of to be
() . No
significant signal of is observed and the upper
limit on its decay branching fraction at 90\% confidence level is set to be
.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, 4 table
Observation of the Singly Cabibbo-Suppressed Decay
The singly Cabibbo-suppressed decay is observed for the first time with a statistical
significance of by using 4.5 fb of collision data
collected at center-of-mass energies between 4.600 and 4.699 GeV with the
BESIII detector at BEPCII. The absolute branching fraction of
is measured to be in a model-independent approach. This is
the first observation of a Cabibbo-suppressed decay involving
in the final state. The ratio of branching fractions between
and the Cabibbo-favored decay
is calculated to be , where with the
Cabibbo mixing angle. This ratio significantly deviates from and
provides important information for the understanding of nonfactorization
contributions in decays.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure
Partial Wave Analysis of
Using a sample of events collected with
the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, a partial wave analysis on the
decay is performed to investigate the intermediate
resonances in . The
resonances , , , ,
, , , , and
are observed with statistical significance greater than 5.
The product branching fractions are reported. The resonance parameters of
and are also measured
Updated measurements of the M1 transition with
Based on a data sample of events
collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, the M1 transition
with is
studied, where is or
. The mass and width of the are
measured to be MeV/
and MeV, respectively. The
product branching fraction is determined to be . Using , we obtain the branching fraction of the
radiative transition to be , where the third uncertainty is due to the quoted
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