Bis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2 N,N′)(sulfato-κ2 O,O′)cobalt(II) butane-2,3-diol monosolvate

In the title compound, [Co(SO4)(C12H8N2)2]·C4H10O2, the Co2+ ion has a distorted octa­hedral coordination environment composed of four N atoms from two chelating 1,10-phenanthroline ligands and two O atoms from an O,O′-bidentate sulfate anion. The dihedral angle between the two chelating N2C2 groups is 83.48 (1)°. The Co2+ ion, the S atom and the mid-point of the central C—C bond of the butane-2,3-diol solvent mol­ecule are situated on twofold rotation axes. The mol­ecules of the complex and the solvent mol­ecules are held together by pairs of symmetry-related O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with the uncoordinated O atoms of the sulfate ions as acceptors. The solvent mol­ecule is disordered over two sets of sites with site occupancies of 0.40 and 0.60

The Bright Side of Unionization: The Case of Stock Price Crash Risk

This study examines whether and how labor unionization influences stock price crash risk. Using a regression discontinuity design that employs union elections as an exogenous shock yielding local variation in unionization, we find that unionization leads to a significant decline in stock price crash risk. We further explore the underlying mechanisms through which unionization affects crash risk and find that labor unions constrain managerial resource diversion and overinvestment, demand less risk-taking, and facilitate transparent information flow, which in turn reduces crash risk. Overall, our results suggest that unions play an important governance role. Our study sheds new light on a formerly under-researched beneficial impact of unionization and the role that organized labor plays in influencing extreme downside risk in the equity market

Potentiation of excitatory transmission in substantia gelatinosa neurons of rat spinal cord by inhibition of estrogen receptor alpha

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>It has been shown that estrogen is synthesized in the spinal dorsal horn and plays a role in modulating pain transmission. One of the estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), is expressed in the spinal laminae I-V, including substantia gelatinosa (SG, lamina II). However, it is unclear how ERs are involved in the modulation of nociceptive transmission.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the present study, a selective ERα antagonist, methyl-piperidino-pyrazole (MPP), was used to test the potential functional roles of spinal ERα in the nociceptive transmission. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we examined the effects of MPP on SG neurons in the dorsal root-attached spinal cord slice prepared from adult rats. We found that MPP increased glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked by the stimulation of either Aδ- or C-afferent fibers. Further studies showed that MPP treatment dose-dependently increased spontaneous EPSCs frequency in SG neurons, while not affecting the amplitude. In addition, the PKC was involved in the MPP-induced enhancement of synaptic transmission.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results suggest that the selective ERα antagonist MPP pre-synaptically facilitates the excitatory synaptic transmission to SG neurons. The nociceptive transmission evoked by Aδ- and C-fiber stimulation could be potentiated by blocking ERα in the spinal neurons. Thus, the spinal estrogen may negatively regulate the nociceptive transmission through the activation of ERα.</p